1、考研英语-976 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As the baby-boomer generation contemplates the prospect of the Zimmer frame there has never been more interest in delaying the process of ageing. One consequence has been a(n) (1) rise in the popularity of brain-training games.
2、But how (2) really is a daily dose of cryptic crossword?Robert Wilson, a neuropsychologist at Rush University in Chicago, and his colleagues decided to (3) out, (4) following a group of people without dementia. Participants were asked to (5) how frequently they engaged in cognitively (6) activities.
3、 The researchers were looking for such things as reading newspapers, books and magazines, (7) challenging games like chess, listening to the radio and watching television, and (8) museums.The good news, as they report in Neurology, is that (9) activity of this sort seems to slow the rate of (10) dec
4、line in those without cognitive (11) . The bad news is that in those who do then develop Alzheimers disease it is associated with a more rapid (12) decline.What seems to be happening is that cognitive stimulation helps (13) the effect of the neurodegenerative lesions associated with dementia. It doe
5、s not, (14) , make them go away. They continue to (15) , so that when the disease does eventually take (16) there are more of them around than there otherwise would be, which results in a more (17) cognitive fall off. That is not a message of despair, (18) , because the length of time someone suffer
6、s from dementia is thus (19) and their healthy life prolonged. So the message is, (20) on with the crosswords.（分数：10.00）(1).A. tiny B. dramatic C. small D. enormous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. effective B. affective C. efficient D. constructive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. check B. figure C. find D. pick（分数：0.
7、50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. with B. by C. in D. as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. rate B. anticipate C. declare D. assert（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. sustaining B. transforming C. receding D. stimulating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. setting B. playing C. arranging D. making（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. watching B. viewing C. sightsee
8、ing D. visiting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. casual B. successive C. frequent D. continuous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. mental B. physical C. spiritual D. energetic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. obstacle B. inclination C. limitation D. impairment（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. consecutive B. subsequent C. conservative D.
9、subservient（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. meet B. encounter C. overcome D. conduct（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. therefore B. moreover C. indeed D. however（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. amass B. accumulate C. collect D. gather（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. hold B. care C. charge D. up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. slight B. mild
10、 C. abundant D. rapid（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. until B. though C. unless D. if（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. reduced B. degraded C. declined D. increased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. let B. put C. work D. carry（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)At
11、work, as in life, attractive women get a lot of the breaks. Studies have shown that they are more likely to be promoted than their plain-Jane colleagues. Because people tend to project positive traits onto them, such as sensitivity and poise, they may also be at an advantage in job interviews. The o
12、nly downside to hotness is having to fend off ghastly male colleagues; or so many people think. But research by two Israelis suggests otherwise.Bradley Ruffle at Ben-Gurion University and Zeev Shtudiner at Ariel University Centre looked at what happens when job hunters include photos with their curr
13、icula vitae, as is the norm in much of Europe and Asia. The pair sent fictional applications to over 2,500 real-life vacancies. For each job, they sent two very similar rsums, one with a photo, one without. Subjects had previously been graded for their attractiveness.For men, the results were as exp
14、ected. Hunks were more likely to be called for an interview if they included a photo. Ugly men were better off not including one. However, for women this was reversed. Attractive females were less likely to be offered an interview if they included a mugshot. When applying directly to a company (rath
15、er than through an agency) an attractive woman would need to send out 11 CVs on average before getting an interview; an equally qualified plain one just seven.At first, Mr Ruffle considered what he calls the “dumb-blonde hypothesis“that people assume beautiful women to be stupid. However, the photos
16、 had also been rated on how intelligent people thought each subject looked; there was no correlation between perceived intellect and pulchritude.So the cause of the discrimination must lie elsewhere. Human resources departments tend to be staffed mostly by women. Indeed, in the Israeli study, 93% of
17、 those tasked with selecting whom to invite for an interview were female. The researchers unavoidableand unpleasantconclusion is that old-fashioned jealousy led the women to discriminate against pretty candidates.So should attractive women simply attach photos that make them look dowdy? No. Better,
18、says Mr Ruffle, to discourage the practice of including a photo altogether. Companies might even consider the anonymous model used in the Belgian public sector, where CVs do not even include the candidates name.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, we can get the information that _.A. attractive w
19、omen could get better jobsB. sensitivity is a common characteristics for beautiful womenC. attractive women sometimes have trouble from the ghastly male colleaguesD. the plain women have less chances to get a job（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _.A. its easier for a hand
20、some man to get a job if he attached a photo to his rsumB. attractive females could not be called for an interview if she attached a photo to her rsumC. if you are a plain woman and need a job you must send out 7 CVsD. there is discrimination between ugly men and attractive females（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(
21、3).The word “pulchritude“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means _.A. qualification B. high salaryC. good appearance D. subject（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The reason why pretty women candidates are often discriminated is that _.A. they are not clever enoughB. they attached their photos to the CVsC. the
22、poor interpersonal relationshipsD. some recruiters are jealous of them（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the text, which of the following is a lair way to gel a job?A. Attractive females attach a dowdy photo in their CVs.B. Companies adopt a nameless model for an interview.C. Human resources departme
23、nts employ male stall.D. The public sector no longer emphasize CVs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Pain, unfortunately, is a horrible necessity of life. It protects people by alerting them to things that might injure them. But some long-term pain has nothing to do with any obvious injury. O
24、ne estimate suggests that one in six adults suffer from a “chronic pain“ condition.Steve McMahon, a pain researcher at Kings College, London, says that if skin is damaged, for instance with a hot iron, an area of sensitivity develops around the outside of the burn where although untouched and undama
25、ged by the iron the behavior of the nerve fibers is disrupted. As a result, heightened sensitivity and abnormal pain sensations occur in the surrounding skin. Chronic pain, he says, may similarly be caused not by damage to the body, but because weak pain signals become amplified.This would also help
26、 explain why chronic pains such as lower-back pain and osteoarthritis fail to respond well to traditional pain therapies. But now an entirely new kind of drug, called Tanezumab, has been developed. It is an antibody for a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF), which is vital for new nerve growth
27、during development. NGF, it turns out, is also crucial in the regulation of the sensitisation of pain in chronic conditions.Kenneth Verburg, one of the researchers involved in the development of Tanezumab at Pfizer, says it is not exactly clear what role NGF plays in normal physiology, but after an
28、injury which involves tissue damage and inflammation, levels of NGF increase dramatically. NGF seems to be involved in transmitting the pain signal. As a consequence, blocking NGF reduces chronic pain.Tanezumab must still complete the final stages of clinical trials before it can become a weapon in
29、the toolkit for reducing human suffering. But unexpected pains do not always come from the body. According to Irene Tracey, a pain researcher at the University of Oxford, how pain is experienced also depends upon a persons state of mind. If successive patients suffer the same burn, the extent to whi
30、ch it hurts will depend on whether one is anxious, depressed, happy or distracted.Such ideas are being explored with brain scans which suggest that even if a low level of pain is being sent to the brain, the signal can be turned up by the “mind“ itself. Indeed, patients can even be tricked into feel
31、ing pain.In one experiment volunteers were given a powerful analgesic and subjected to a painful stimuluswhich, because of the analgesic, they could not feel. Then they were told the drug had worn off (although it had not), and subsequently complained that the stimulus hurt.People can, therefore, fe
32、el pain simply because it is expected. They can fail to feel pain for exactly the same reasons, for example when they are given placebos or are distracted. But although pain may be subjective, that does not mean the final experience is controlled solely by the mind.A recent paper in Proceedings of t
33、he National Academy of Sciences has shown that genes play a role in determining sensitivity to pain. One gene, known as SCN9A, codes for a protein that allows the channels along which nerve signals are transmitted to remain active for longer and thus transmit more pain signals. It seems likely that
34、this protein will attract a great deal more analgesic research. Variations in SCN9A may also explain why some patients prefer different classes of painkillers.Although pain may be a horrible necessity, there is no doubt that humanity could cope with far less of the chronic sort. Understanding how th
35、e mind, the body and peoples genes interact to cause pain should bring more relief.（分数：10.00）(1).The word that Steve McMahon says is mentioned to _.A. stress the chronic pain caused by amplified signalsB. explain what the chronic pain isC. introduce the topic of TanezumabD. tell us a hot iron can di
36、srupt the behavior of the nerve fibers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Irene Tracey, how pain is experienced has something to do with _.A. whether it is chronic pain B. a persons state of mindC. a persons capability of bearing D. a persons physical condition（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the tex
37、t, Tanezumab is _.A. a companys name B. a drugC. a kind of pain D. a persons name（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the text that _.A. Tanezumab may become an effective drug to reduce pain in the futureB. genes play a role in determining sensitivity to painC. how pain is experienced depend
38、s upon a persons state of mindD. lower-back pain fails to respond well to traditional pain therapies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the best title for this text?A. How to deal with painB. Learn to live with painC. Factors deterring sensitivity to painD. Advances in pain relief（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(
39、总题数：1，分数：10.00)Earlier this month the head of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, a non-profit organisation, wrote to Goldman Sachs. Animal shelters, the letter said, are struggling to cope with a surge in the number of pets that have been abandoned because their owners have fallen on hard
40、times. Maybe Goldman executives should give their big bonuses to the dogs? Sadly, it looks unlikely.As the number of job losses and foreclosures has mounted over the past two years, some people have chosen to surrender their animals, unable to afford pet food let alone veterinary care. Many have bro
41、ught their dogs and cats to shelters. Some have been less kind, chaining them to fences or locking them inside their foreclosed homes. One kitten was even left in a mailbox in Boston.Looking after these pets is becoming more challenging because many shelters rely on government money and have seen th
42、eir funding cut. Animal Care and Control of New York City, for example, saw its grant fall by over $750,000 this fiscal year, around 7% of its operating budget. Fewer people are coming forward to make donations. Some non-profits are trying to step in and encourage people not to abandon their furry f
43、riends at shelters in the first place. Pet-food banks, which give pet food to people in need, have sprung up across the country.The Humane Society of the United States estimates that around 6m8m cats and dogs end up in shelters each year. Only half are adopted. The rest are put down. There is some c
44、oncern that even more are being put to sleep now, because shelters do not have the space or money to keep alive animals that have not been adopted. Fewer people are coming forward to adopt as well, presumably because they cannot afford to. One non-profit organisation, PilotsN Paws, connects pilots t
45、o shelters with dogs that have not found homes. The pilots volunteer to fly them to other states, giving them a second chance at adoption.The Internet is playing its part. One organisation, ForeclosurePets. org, runs an online billboard that allows people facing foreclosure to find a home for their
46、pets.Adopt-a- uses its website to help shelters advertise and send e-mail alerts when certain types of animals come in. By the end of 2009,8,500 animal shelters were using the site to post adoption listings for 140,000 pets, up from 6,800 shelters and 98,000 listings at the beginning of the year. No
47、w all that is needed is 140,000 good homes.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did some people choose to surrender their animals?A. Because animal shelters are not funded by Goldman executives.B. Because they regard animal shelters as a wonderful accommodation for their furry friends.C. Because the financial pressure
48、 made them plunge into a hard time.D. Because pet food and veterinary care account for large part of their income.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Looking after the pets is becoming more challenging for the following reasons except that _.A. the government cuts the fundingB. fewer people are willing to donateC.
49、 a surge in the number of pets that have been abandonedD. some non-profits are trying to step in（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the sentence “There is some concern that even more are being put to sleep now“ mean?A. Some animals have an awful time.B. Some animals have been sold.C. Some animals lives have been ended.D. Some animals have to sleep because of the lack of food.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, we can infer that _.A. more and more animals are being put to sleep nowB. fewer people adopt ani
