1、考研英语-961 及答案解析(总分：110.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion about it, much less (1) a point of view. But this hasnt stopped many film and computer fans from agreeing (2) the early (3) wisdom about digital
2、 camerastheyre neat (4) for your PC, but theyre not suit able for everyday picture-taking.The fans are wrong: more than anything else, digital cameras are radically (5) what photography means and what it can be. The venerable medium of photography as we know (6) is beginning to seem out of (7) with
3、the way we live. In our computer and camcorder culture, saving pictures (8) digital files and watching them on TV is no less (9) and in many ways more (10) than fumbling with rolls of film that must be sent off to be (11) .Paper is also terribly (12) Pictures that are incorrectly framed, focused, or
4、 lighted are nonetheless (13) to film and ultimately processed into prints.The digital medium changes the (14) . Still images that are (15) digitally can immediately be shown on a computer monitor, TV screen, or a small liquid-crystal display (LCD) built right into the camera. And since the points o
5、f light that (16) an image are saved as a series of digital bits in (17) memory, (18) being permanently etched onto film, they can be erased, retouched, and transmitted on-line.Whats it like to (19) with one of these digital cameras? Its a little like a first dateexciting, confusing and fraught with
6、 (20) .（分数：20.00）(1).A. refute B. evaluate C. represent D. develop（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. of B. to C. with D. on（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. conventional B. profound C. collective D. perfect（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. auxiliaries B. components C. hardwares D. apparatus（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. prescribing B. a
7、djusting C. redesigning D. redefining（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).A. it B. that C. which D. as（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).A. action B. step C. touch D. place（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).A. like B. as C. for D. into（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).A. valuable B. useful C. economical D. practical（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).A. common B. compl
8、ex C. appealing D. annoying（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).A. loaded B. processed C. exposed D. rewound（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).A. unnecessary B. uncharitable C. unworthy D. unforgiving（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).A. faithful B. loyal C. dedicated D. committed（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(14).A. directions B. rules C. disciplines
9、D. doctrines（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(15).A. viewed B. captured C. displayed D. drawn（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(16).A. comprise B. consist C. constitute D. include（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(17).A. electronic B. limited C. short D. photographic（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(18).A. less than B. much less C. apart from D. rather than（分数：1.0
10、0）A.B.C.D.(19).A. discharge B. shoot C. manipulate D. work（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(20).A. feasibilities B. possibilities C. lucks D. chances（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should
11、 have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch. And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of dr
12、ugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always want to experiment with things to make them feel good. “Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions that allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to
13、pay extra attention to what neurologists call salience-that is, special relevance. Threats, for example, are highly salient, which is why we instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex because they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this re
14、ady-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision-making skills and conditioning kick in-salience in overdrive-to create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving. “Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction,“ says Volkow. “But because it
15、 involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol. “That can go for nonchemical addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, may start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-spec
16、ific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obese people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hyperactivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuli-including the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the f
17、loodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, though.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict. Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can evaluate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly ho
18、w that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive four-week rehabilitation program. Those who were more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the program were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to ad
19、just to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using analytical areas of the brain while performing decision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there were reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can over
20、ride impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in the relapsers-an effect rather than a cause of the chemical abuse-but the fact that the cognitive deficit existed in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique
21、to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict who would relapse within a year simply by examining the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the brains reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are l
22、ooking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the compound. The hope is that if you can reduce the effect Of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signal, you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use of dr
23、ugsA. is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B. makes it hard for people to drive safely under its influence.C. has to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D. is understandable behavior because it dates back long ago.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text,
24、anyone may be addicted to drugs if theyA. are born with a predisposition to addiction.B. use certain chemicals long and frequently enough.C. have sufficient drugs or alcohol to use.D. create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example
25、 ofA. pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B. obese people with brain hyperactivity.C. those who cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D. those who might also be addicted to gambling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paulus could accurately predict the relapsers becauseA. the part of their brai
26、n controlling cognitive skills is less active.B. a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective enough.C. he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any brain damage.D. something innate to their brains prompt them to use drugs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the passage th
27、at we may cure addiction byA. scanning of brain as often as possible.B. consciously practicing cognitive skills.C. going through intensive rehabilitation programs.D. making the neurotransmitter less sensitive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, Microsoft has focused on three bi
28、g tasks: building robust security into its software, resolving numerous antitrust complaints against it and upgrading its Windows operating system. These three tasks are now starting to collide.On August 27th the firm said that the successor to its Windows XP operating system, code-named Longhorn, w
29、ill go on sale in 2007 without one of its most impressive features, a technique to integrate elaborate search capabilities into nearly all desktop applications. (On the bright side, Longhorn will contain advances in rendering images and enabling different computing platforms to exchange data directl
30、y between applications. ) It is a big setback for Microsoft, which considers search technology a pillar of its future growth -not least as it competes against Google.The firms focus on security championed by Bill Gates himself-took resources away from Longhorn, admits Greg Sullivan, a lead product m
31、anager in the Windows client division. Programmers have been fixing Windows XP rather than working on Longhorn. In mid- August, Microsoft released Service Pack 2, a huge set of free software patches and enhancements to make Windows XP more secure. Though some of the fixes turned out to have vulnerab
32、ilities of their own, the patches have mostly been welcomed. Microsofts decision to forgo new features in return for better security is one that most computer users will probably applaud.Yet ironically, as Microsoft slowly improves the security of its products-by, for instance, incorporating firewal
33、l technology, anti-virus systems and spam filters its actions increasingly start to resemble those that, in the past, have got the firm into trouble with regulators. Is security software an “adjacent software market“, in which case Microsoft may be leveraging its dominance of the operating system in
34、to it? Integrating security products into Windows might be considered “bundling“ which, with regard to web browsing, so excited Americas trustbusters in the 1990s. And building security directly into the operating system seems a lot like “commingling“ software code, on which basis the European Commi
35、ssion ruled earlier this year that Microsoft abused its market power through the Windows Media Player. Microsoft is appealing against that decision, and on September 30th it will argue for a suspension of the commissions remedies, such as the requirement that it license its code to rivals.Just last
36、month, the European Unions competition directorate began an investigation into Microsoft and Time Warner, a large media firm, on the grounds that their proposed joint acquisition of ContentGuard, a software firm whose products protect digital media files, might provide Microsoft with, undue market p
37、ower over digital media standards. The commission will rule by January 2005. Microsoft, it seems, in security as elsewhere, is going to have to get used to being punished for its success. Its Windows monopoly lets it enjoy excessive profits but the resulting monoculture makes it an obvious target fo
38、r viruses and regulators alike.（分数：10.00）(1).That Microsofts three tasks are colliding is reflected in the fact that _.A. the new operating system will be marketed at a discountB. search will be removed from the new operating systemC. all search capabilities will be combined into the desktopD. image
39、s and data will be exchanged more directly（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is implied in the third paragraph that _.A. computer users care a lot about the security of the operating systemB. programmers are disappointed about the shift of the firms focusC. more resources are being engaged in the development o
40、f LonghornD. patches and enhancements are perfect and popular with the users（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The ironical point is that Microsofts improvement of securityA. is getting along at a pace dissatisfying to regulatorsB. brings itself a total control over the operating systemC. will lead to European Co
41、mmissions stricter licenceD. may be accused of abusing its dominance of the market（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following does not belong to the “regulators“ (Para. 4, Line 4)?A. “European Commission“. B. “EUs competition directorate“.C. “ContentGuard. D. “Americas trusthusters.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.
42、(5).It can be concluded from the text that _.A. viruses and regulators are invariably aimed at WindowsB. Microsoft both benefits and suffers from its huge successC. European Unions inquiry into the acquisition is ungroundedD. punishments imposed on Windows are mostly justified（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text
43、 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It has long been the subject of speculation among the police and criminologists: what would happen if all the officers who now spend so much of their time taking statements, profiling criminals and moving pieces of paper around were suddenly put on the streets? Crime figures releas
44、ed by Londons Metropolitan Police this week provide the best answer yet.Following the bombings of July 7th and 21st, thousands of police officers materialised on Londons pavements, many of them sporting brightly coloured jackets. Drawn from all over the city, they were assigned to guard potential ta
45、rgets such as railway stations. The police presence was especially heavy in the bombed boroughs: Camden (which was struck three times), Hammersnrith and Fulham, Lamheth, Tower Hamlets, Westminster and the City of London.The show of force did not just scare off terrorists. There was less crime in Jul
46、y than in May or June, which As unusual: the warmer month tends to bring out criminal tendencies, as windows are left open and alcohol is imbibed alfresco. But the chilling effect was much stronger in the six boroughs that were targeted by terrorists. There, overall crime was down by 12% compared wi
47、th July 2004. In inner London as a whole, crime fell by 6%. But in outer London, where the blue line was thinner, it went up slightly.Simon Foy, who tracks such trends at the Metropolitan Police, says that crime fell particularly steeply on the days of the attacks, partly because of the overwhelming
48、 police presence and partly because “even criminals were watching their televisions“. What is significant is that crime barely rose thereafter. That was a change from the aftermath of September 11th 2001, when crime quickly soared just about everywherepossibly because officers were deployed only in
49、the very centre of London.“The received wisdom among criminologists is that marginal changes in visible patrolling have little or no effect on crime,“ says Mike Hough, a criminologist at Kings College London. Julys experiment should put that argument to rest. Even if offenders do not make rational calculations about the odds of being caughtwhich was low both before and after the bombings-they will Be moved by a display of overwhelming force.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “materialise“ mean in the second paragraph?A. bombB. inv
