1、考研英语-955 及答案解析(总分：92.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Until about four decades ago, crop yields in agricultural systems depended on (1) resources, recycling organic matter, built-in biological control mechanisms and rainfall patterns. Agricultural yields were (2) but stable. Product
2、ion was (3) by growing more than one crop or variety in space and time in a field as insurance against pest (4) or severe weather. Inputs of nitrogen were (5) by rotating major field crops with legumes. In turn, rotations suppressed insects, weeds and diseases by effectively (6) the life cycles of t
3、hese pests. A typical corn belt farmer grew corn (7) with several crops including soybeans, and small grain production was intrinsic to maintain livestock. Most of the labor was done by the family with occasional hired help and no (8) equipment or services were purchased from off4arm sources. In the
4、se type of farming systems the link between agriculture and ecology was quite (9) and signs of environment degradation were seldom evident.But as agriculture modernization (10) the ecology-farming linkage was often broken as ecological principles were (11) . In fact, several agricultural scientists
5、have arrived at a (12) consensus that modem agriculture confronts an environment crisis. A growing number of people have become concerned about the long-term (13) of existing food production systems. Evidence has shown that (14) the present capital-and-technology-intensive fanning systems have been
6、extremely productive and competitive, they also bring a (15) of economic, environmental and social problems.Evidence also shows that the very nature of the agricultural structure and prevailing polices have led to this environmental (16) by favoring large farm size, specialized production, crop mono
7、cultures and mechanization. Today as more and more farmers are integrated (17) international economies, imperatives to (18) disappear and monocultures are rewarded by economies of scale. In turn, lack of rotations and diversification (19) key self-regulating mechanisms, turning monocultures into hig
8、hly (20) agro-ecosystems dependent on high chemical inputs.（分数：10.00）(1).A. external B. internal C. exported D. imported（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. small B. equivalent C. modest D. maximum（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. safeguarded B. ensured C. hindered D. disturbed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. breakthrough B. outbu
9、rst C. sprawl D. outbreak（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. gained B. produced C. offered D. provided（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. recycling B. improving C. breaking D. repeating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. integrated B. rotated C. combined D. cooperated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. specific B. special C. specialized D. especi
10、al（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. weak B. compact C. remote D. strong（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. progressed B. processed C. provoked D. prolonged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. followed B. applied C. ignored D. overestimated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. general B. common C. unique D. usual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. conserva
11、tion B. endurance C. progress D. sustainability（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. as B. whereas C. despite D. because（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. variety B. number C. quantity D. mixture（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. situation B. protection C. crisis D. issue（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. with B. to C. at D. into（分数：0.50）A.B
12、.C.D.(18).A. diversion B. diversity C. disease D. specialization（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. take away B. take in C. take off D. take up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. efficient B. proficient C. intensive D. vulnerable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：
13、10.00)Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom. Only a few elements are suitable for use in this way, the most important ones being Uranium-235, Uranium-233, and Plutonium-239. When a nucleus of one of these elements is struck by a free neutron it breaks down into two lighter nucle
14、i which fly apart at high speed, colliding with surrounding atoms. Their kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. At the same time, two or three free neutrons are released and one of them enters the nucleus of a neighbouring atom, causing fission to occur again; and so on. The reaction spreads
15、very quickly, with more and more heat energy released. This is called a “chain“ reaction because the splitting of each nucleus is linked to another, and another and another.If this reaction takes place in an atomic bomb, where nothing is done to slow it down, the result is a violent explosion that c
16、an destroy a town in a few seconds. Fission can also, however, take place within a construction called a nuclear reactor, or atomic pile. Here the highly fissile material (U-235, U-233, Pu-239) is surrounded by a substance that is non-fissile, for instance graphite. This material is called a moderat
17、or. The neutrons lose some of their energy and speed through colliding with the atoms of the moderator. Energyheat energyis still created on an enormous scale, but no expansion takes place. The moderator has another function: by slowing down the speed of the free neutrons, it makes it more likely th
18、at one of them will collide with the nucleus of a neighbouring atom to continue the chain reaction.The chief advantage of nuclear energy is that it does not depend on any local factors. A nuclear reactor, unlike an oil-well or a coalmine, does not have to be sited on top of a fossil-fuel source; unl
19、ike the solar energy unit, it does not have to go out of production when the sun is not shining; unlike hydro-electric power, it does not depend on a large flow of water which may be reduced during some seasons of the year. With an atomic power station, the only limiting factor is that of safety.In
20、the opposite process, nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together, to form a new nucleus of a different kind and this process also releases energy on an enormous scale. Fusion can only occur under conditions of very great heatat least 50000000 degrees Celsius. (The temperature at the centre of the sun
21、is estimated as 130000000 degrees Celsius.) A fusion reaction on earth has already been createdthe hydrogen bomb. This is an uncontrolled reaction. It is not yet possible to produce a controlled fusion reaction that can be used for the production of useful energy.Nuclear energy can be thought of as
22、a kind of square, Three of the quarters of the square are known and used, but the fourth cannot yet be used.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following headings is that of Paragraph Two?A. Nuclear FusionB. The Nuclear Fission Chain ReactionC. Uncontrolled and Moderated Nuclear ReactionsD. The Advantages of
23、 Nuclear Energy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The aim of a nuclear reactor is _.A. to establish a controlled chain reaction in low concentrations of fissile materialB. to absorb neutrons travelling at a particular speedC. to cause a rapid chain reaction in order to realease the greatest amount of energyD. to
24、last the chain reaction forever（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Destructive weapons can be obtained from _.A. nuclear fusionB. nuclear fissionC. both nuclear fusion and nuclear fissionD. nuclear splitting（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together and _.A. form a new nucleusB. both splitC.
25、give off free neutronsD. reduce energy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements is incorrect?A. Few elements are suitable for use as atomic fuel.B. An atomic power station can supply the same quantity of energy all the year round.C. A hydro-electric power station can be built anywhere.D
26、. Graphite is a non-fissile material.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Ted Kennedy gazes from the windows of his office in Boston, he can see the harbors “Golden Stairs“, where all eight of his great-grandparents first set foot in America. It reminds him, he told his Senate colleagues th
27、is week, that reforming Americas immigration laws is an “ awesome responsibility“ Mr. Kennedy is the Democrat most prominently pushing a bipartisan bill to secure the border, ease the national skills shortage and offer a path to citizenship for the estimated 12m illegal aliens already in the country
28、. He has a steep climb ahead of him.As drafted, the bill seeks to mend Americas broken immigration system in several ways. First, and before its other main provisions come into effect, it would tighten border security. It provides for 200 miles (320km) of vehicle barriers, 370 miles of fencing and 1
29、8 000 new border patrol agents. It calls for an electronic identification system to ensure employers verify that all their employees are legally allowed to work. And it stiffens punishments for those who knowingly hire illegals.As soon as the bill was unveiled, it was stoned from all sides. Christan
30、s, mostly Republicans, denounced it as an “amnesty“ that would encourage further waves of illegal immigration. Tom Tancredo, a Republican congressman running for president (without hope of success) on an anti-illegal-immigration platform, demanded that all but the border-security clauses be scrapped
31、. Even these he derided as “so limited its almost a joke“. Conservative talk-radio echoed his call. No one is seriously proposing mass deportation, but Mr. Tancredo says the illegals will all go home if the laws against hiring them are vigorously enforced.Most labor unions are skeptical, too. The AF
32、L-CIO denounced the guest-worker program, which it said would give employers “a ready pool of labor that they can exploit to drive down wages, benefits, health and safety protections “ for everyone else. Two Democratic senators tried to gut the program. One failed to abolish it entirely; another suc
33、ceeded in slashing it from 400000 to 200000 people a year.Employers like the idea of more legal migrants but worry that the new system will be cumbersome. Many object to the idea that they will have to check the immigration status of all their employees. The proposed federal computer system to sort
34、legal from illegal workers is bound to make mistakes. Even if only one employee in a hundred is falsely labelled illegal, that will cause a lot of headaches. And the points system has drawbacks, too. Employers are better placed than bureaucrats to judge which skills are in short supply. That is why
35、the current mess has advantages-illegal immigrants nearly always go where their labor is in demand.Other groups have complaints, too. Immigrant-rights groups say that the path to citizenship would be too long and arduous and too few Hispanics would qualify. Nancy Pelosi, the Democratic speaker of th
36、e House, fretted that the new stress on skills would hurt families, adding that her party is “about families and family values“. Some people worry that House Democrats will kill it to prevent Mr. Bush from enjoying a domestic success.Despite the indignation, public opinion favors the underlying prin
37、ciples. At least 60% of Americans want to give illegals a chance to become citizens if they work hard and behave.（分数：10.00）(1).Ted Kennedy is mentioned in the first paragraph toA. introduce the main topic of immigration law reforming.B. remind the Senate that they have an awesome responsibility.C. s
38、tress the importance of securing the border and easing skills shortage.D. emphasize the fact that even a Senator is a descendant of immigrants.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true about the present bill?A. The bill is widely supported by various political strips.B. The bill will impos
39、e severe punishment on illegal immigrants.C. The bill is designed to improve American immigration system.D. The bill will ensure that no illegals are knowingly hired.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “stoned“ (paragraph 3) most probably meansA. stiffened. B. constructed. C. criticized. D. supported（分数：2
40、.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can inferred from the passage thatA. the common citizens in the US tend to accept well-behaved illegals.B. the democrats would do anything to prevent Bush from achieving success.C. employers are the only group that enthusiastically support the new bill.D. illegal immigrants always
41、 know where their skills are in great demand.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards this immigration reform seems to beA. supportive. B. objective. C. confused. D. optimistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Who knows better than your customers where your operations can be improved?
42、 Today, progressive firms increasingly rely on advisory councils to suggest improvements, recommend action, and offer feedback on programs and policies. In fact, many companies feel that this form of communication is vital to the continuous improvement of their business operations.A council, among o
43、ther things, improves communication and spurs improvement of operations. Remember that the secret to success is dialogue - the .exchange of ideas and opinions. Focus on problems your customers have. Spell out your goals and objectives.Each meeting should have a specific objective to accomplish. Dete
44、rmine the meetingsfrequency. If you want to implement a strategic plan, an annual meeting may be enough. If you want to focus on operational issues, more meetings may be needed.A good council will have no more than 12 people, with half of the members from your company and half your customers. It sho
45、uld also have diversity in its membership. Members should serve from one to three years-rotation of membership will ensure the council doesnt become stale.Find an approximate meeting site, whether its in-house or off site, where there will be no interruptions. You should pay for all the expenses rel
46、ated to the meeting - remember, the council members are providing your company with a service. Treat them as your guests and your experts.If you have a fixed beginning and ending time to your meeting, stick to it When structuring the meeting, remember the 80720 problem-solving rule. Structure the me
47、eting so that 20 percent of the time is spent identifying or discussing a problem and 80 percent of the time is spent designing a solution.Often it is helpful to have a person act as timekeeper and announce when the agenda time for a particular item has expired. However, during the meeting, be flexi
48、ble. The facilitator can allow . the group to decide whether to move on to the next item or extend the discussion. As you go along, look to narrow the differences among members and form a consensus.As the meeting closes, summarize what was accomplished, checking for agreement and commitment among th
49、e members. Make a detailed list of the follow-up items, who has responsibility for each item, and a timeline for completion.The results from really listening to and learning from your customers in a well-run advisory council can pay huge dividends.（分数：6.00）(1).Why does the writer put the suggestion that, advisory councils should be set up_A. Because they can influence business operationsB. because business improvements depend on communication with themC. Because they are heavily relied on by prosperous companiesD. Because goals and objectives are set out b
