1、考研英语-91 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human specie
2、s. NaturalU (1) /Uof anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressedU (2) /Uacts of violence. These are all qualities that humansU (3) /Uwith animals. Aggression is a kind ofU (4) /Usurvival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation thatU (5) /Uanimals to defend themselves from threats to thei
3、r existence. But, on the other hand, human violentU (6) /Uevidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not beU (7) /Ureduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that giveU (8) /Uto aggressive behavi
4、or. In human societies violence has a socialU (9) /U: It is a strategy forU (10) /Uthe powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has beenU (11) /U.The violence within society is controlled throughU (12) /Uof law. The more developed aU (13) /Usyst
5、em becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the onlyU (14) /Uto deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishmentU (15)
6、/Uthe person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized andU (16) /U.The society assumes the responsibility forU (17) /Uindividuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible forU (18) /Upunishment. I
7、n a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revengeU (19) /Uby acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus.U (20) /Uthe one protects the individual form violence, t
8、he other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.（分数：10.00）A.impulseB.whimC.tendencyD.spurA.inB.throughC.toD.underA.reckonB.copeC.partD.shareA.delicateB.complexC.innateD.vividA.limitsB.allowsC.restrictsD.entitlesA.offersB.marksC.showsD.reportsA.separatelyB.simplyC.general
9、lyD.broadlyA.guideB.formC.modelD.shapeA.nurtureB.gestureC.functionD.objectiveA.creatingB.adjustingC.producingD.reigningA.coordinatedB.designedC.releasedD.directedA.institutionsB.proposalsC.academies.D.enforcementsA.liableB.loyalC.legalD.logicalA.sourceB.meansC.originD.powerA.towardB.againstC.offD.up
10、onA.dilutedB.dissolvedC.diffusedD.dispersedA.shieldingB.shiftingC.shelteringD.shatteringA.justifyingB.aggravatingC.imposingD.observingA.enhancedB.confidedC.promptedD.motivatedA.Except thatB.WhileC.Only ifD.Because二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BReading the following four texts
11、. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BOn a weekday night this January, thousands of flag-waving youths packed Olaya Street, Riyadhs main shopping strip, to cheer a memorable Saudi victory in the GCC Cup football final. One car,
12、rock music blaring from its stereo, squealed to a stop, blocking an intersection. The passengers leapt out, clambered on to the roof and danced wildly in front of the honking crowd. Having paralyzed the traffic across half the city, they sped off before the police could catch them.Such public occasi
13、on was once unthinkable in the rigid conformist kingdom, but now young people there and in other Gulf states are increasingly willing to challenge authority. That does not make them rebels: respect for elders, for religious duty and for maintaining family bonds remain pre-eminent values, and premari
14、tal sex is generally out of the question. Yet demography is beginning to put pressure on ultra-conservative norms.After all, 60% of the Gulfs native population is under the age of 25. With many more of its citizens in school than in the workforce, the region faces at least a generation of rocketing
15、demand for employment. In every single GCC country the native workforce will double by 2020. In Saudi Arabia it will grow from 3.3m now to over 8m. The task of managing this surge would be daunting enough for any society, but is particularly forbidding in this region, for several reasons.The first i
16、s that the Gulf suffers from a Ulopsided/U labor structure. This goes back to the 1970s, when ballooning oil incomes allowed governments to import millions of foreign workers and to dispense cozy jobs to the locals. The result is a two-tier workforce, with outsiders working mostly in the private sec
17、tor and natives monopolizing the state bureaucracy. Private firms are as productive as any. But within the government, claims one study, workers are worth only a quarter of what they get paid.Similarly, in the education sector, 30 years spent keeping pace with soaring student numbers has taken a hea
18、vy toll on standards. The Saudi school system, for instance, today has to cope with 5m students, eight times more than in 1970. And many Gulf countries adapted their curricula from Egyptian models that are now thoroughly discredited. They continue to favor rote learning of “facts“ intended to instil
19、l patriotism or religious values.Even worse, the system as a whole discourages intellectual curiosity. It channels students into acquiring prestige degrees rather than gaining marketable skills. Of the 120, 000 graduates that Saudi universities produced between 1995 and 1999, only 10,000 had studied
20、 technical subjects such as architecture or engineering. They accounted for only 2% of the total number of Saudis entering the job market.（分数：10.00）(1).The wild behavior of young people depicted in the first paragraph is intended to（分数：2.00）A.to spotlight their social problems.B.to introduce the cha
21、nge of Saudi youths.C.to criticize their conformist image.D.to appreciate rebels against social values.(2).The basic problem of people pressure facing the Saudi authority lies in（分数：2.00）A.expanding workforce.B.exploding population.C.practical intelligence.D.intellectual curiosity.(3).The word “lops
22、ided“ (Paragraph 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.Detrimental.B.Unappealing.C.Harmonious.D.Unbalanced.(4).According to the author, the Saudi education system is characterized by its excessive emphasis on（分数：2.00）A.technical creativity.B.intellectual cognition.C.conservative values.D.nonconformist im
23、ages.(5).What is the section following this text most likely to deal with?（分数：2.00）A.The lower proportion of local youths in the workforce.B.More restrictions placed on the private firms in Saudi.C.Another reason for the difficulty in managing people pressure.D.The commitment to motivating youth par
24、ticipation in the task.BText 2/BCan this be the right time to invest in luxury goods? UMiuccia Prada was obviously biting her nails./U The granddaughter of the founder of the Italian fashion group has just opened spectacular new stores in quick succession in New York and London. With its magic mirro
25、rs, silver displays and computer-controlled changing rooms, Pradas two-month-old shop in Manhattan cost a staggering $ 40m, sits just a mile from Ground Zero, and sells practically nothing.The luxury-goods business has been in despair in hasty succession against a background of a weakening global ec
26、onomy, an enduring slump in Japanese spending, and the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Japanese, who used to buy a third of the worlds luxury goods, cut their foreign travel in half after the attacks and tightened their Louis Vuitton purse-strings. At the same time, wealthy Americans stopped f
27、lying, which has a dramatic effect on the luxury-goods purveyors of London, Paris and Rome.At home too, Americans attitudes to luxury changed, at least temporarily. “Conspicuous abstention“ replaced greedy consumerism among the fast-growing, younger breed of newly rich. The decline in job security,
28、the lower bonuses in financial services, and the stock market bust that wiped out much of the paper wealth generated in the late 1990s, bred a new frugality. Sales of expensive jewelry, watches and handbags-the products that make the juiciest profits for the big luxury-goods groups-dropped sharply.T
29、he impact has been most striking among the handful of large, quoted luxury-goods companies. Frances Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH), the industry leader, issued four profits warnings after September 11th and ended up reporting a 20% decline in operating profit for 2001, after having repeatedly pr
30、omised its investors Udouble-digit growth/U; and Italys Gucci Group, the third largest, announced this week that second-half profits dropped by 33%. Meanwhile, privately held Prada had to postpone its stock market flotation and was forced to sell a recently acquired stake in Fendi, a prestigious Ita
31、lian bag maker, in order to reduce its debts.Luxury is an unusual business. A luxury brand cannot be extended indefinitely: if it becomes too common, it is devalued, as Pierre Cardin and Ralph Lauren proved by sticking their labels on everything from T-shirts to paint. Equally, a brand name can be u
32、ndermined if it is not advertised consistently, or if it is displayed and sold poorly. Sagra Maceira de Rosen, a luxury-goods analyst at J. P. Morgan, argues that, “Luxury companies are primarily retailers. In retailing, the most important thing is execution, and execution is all about management. Y
33、ou may have the best designed product, but if you dont get it into the right kind of shop at the right time, you will fail.“（分数：10.00）(1).By “Miuccia Prada was obviously biting her nails“ (Paragraph 1), the author means（分数：2.00）A.Prada is in a desperate situation.B.Prada had her shop well-furnished.
34、C.Prada is always in her bad habit.D.Prada spent much on her new shop.(2).Which of the following can best describe the consumption of luxury goods in the present situation?（分数：2.00）A.Outrage.B.Lavishness.C.Restraint.D.Indulgence.(3).It can inferred from the text that（分数：2.00）A.Excessive advertisemen
35、t resulted in the failure of Pradas investment.B.Luxury companies must give thought to the impact of terrorist attacks.C.Execution is nothing but an auxiliary part of business management.D.Outsiders always hold some misconceptions of luxury-goods business.(4).When mentioning “double-digit growth“ (P
36、aragraph 4), the author is talking about（分数：2.00）A.estimated assets of new stores.B.operating profits in luxury business.C.paper wealth in stock market.D.funding raised from new acquisitions.(5).To which of the following is the author likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.Opening new stores, on the horizon.B.M
37、ore ventures bring more rewards.C.Tight the belt, the single remedy.D.Not every business yields benefits.BText 3/BAt some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago. J. B. S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether
38、 he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he would do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next generation.The theory of kin selection-the id
39、ea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relatives-is biologys explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with “selfish“ genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next gener
40、ations genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic behavior might nevertheless propagate.Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care f
41、or the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). UThe hunter who generously shares his spoils with others/U may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimate
42、ly boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self interest.All of these examples fit economists arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicus-maximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of h
43、uman activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kind
44、ness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers.When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr Fehr and his collea
45、gues argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong reciprocity“. This name is intended to distinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are
46、 being unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards in the future.（分数：10.00）(1).The story of J. B. S. Haldane is mentioned in the text（分数：2.00）A.to honor his unusual altruistic acts.B.to show how he contributed to his offs
47、pring.C.to introduce the topic of human altruism.D.to give an episode of his calculation abilities.(2).According the theory of kin selection, humans tend to act altruistically（分数：2.00）A.for the sake of desired reproduction.B.out of self-interest.C.on the request of natural selection.D.because of kin
48、d nature.(3).As pointed out in the text, “reciprocal altruism theory“ and “strong reciprocity theory“ are（分数：2.00）A.complementary.B.contradictory.C.superficial.D.over-simplified.(4).The write mentioned the case of “the hunter who shares his spoils with others“(Para. 3) to demonstrate（分数：2.00）A.innat
49、e human hostility.B.his privileged status.C.apparent altruism.D.his sacrifice resources.(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that（分数：2.00）A.Human behavior is confined to the exclusive concern of psychologists.B.Economists utility is only the explanations for random acts of kindness.C.Altruism is developed during the long proc
