1、考研英语-912 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The majority of people, about nine out of ten, are right-handed. (1) until recently, people who were left-handed were considered (2) , and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-
2、handedness is generally (3) , but it is still a disadvantage in a world (4) most people are right-handed. For example, most tools and implements are still (5) for right-handed people.In sports (6) contrast, doing things with the left hand or foot, .is often an advantage. Throwing, kicking, punching
3、or batting from the“ (7) “side may result in throwing (8) many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the (9) of players who are right-handed. This is why, in many (10) at a professional level, a (11) proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.The word “right“
4、 in many languages means “correct“ or is (12) with lawfulness, whereas the words associated (13) “left“, such as “sinister“, generally have (14) associations. Moreover, among a number of primitive peoples, there is (15) close association between death and the left hand.In the past, in (16) western s
5、ocieties, children were often forced to use their right hands, especially to write with. In some cases the left hand was (17) behind the childs back so that it could not be used. If, in the future, they are allowed to choose, (18) will certainly be more left-handers, and probably (19) people with mi
6、nor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their (20) hand.（分数：10.00）A.DownB.NeverC.UpD.NotA.uniqueB.eccentricC.normalD.abnormalA.acceptedB.admittedC.approvedD.acknowledgedA.whenB.thatC.whereD.whichA.orderedB.designedC.plannedD.supposedA.byB.forC.atD.withA.properB.indirectC.co
7、rrectD.wrongA.awayB.downC.offD.upA.minorityB.majorityC.plentyD.lackA.gamesB.hobbiesC.activitiesD.roundsA.moreB.higherC.betterD.smallerA.relatedB.mixedC.connectedD.combinedA.byB.withC.toD.atA.negativeB.positiveC.similarD.equalA.theB.anyC.someD.aA.allB.mostlyC.anyD.mostA.tiedB.attachedC.broughtD.remov
8、edA.thoseB.theseC.thereD.theyA.onB.moreC.greaterD.fewerA.leftB.rightC.eitherD.correct二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain,
9、the leader of the research team said.But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec, said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.The study at Finlands Radiation
10、and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said.“We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it, with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not kno
11、w whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body,“ Leszczynski said.Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaker/the brain
12、s protective shield against harmful substances.The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski sa
13、id.The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the bloodbrain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable, he said.“Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink-not th
14、e blood vessels but the cells themselvesand then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass.“ he said.Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders c
15、ould result.“These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort,“ he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimers disease.“Where the truth is I do not know,“ he said.Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and
16、he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect ones health?（分数：2.00）A.Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield mo
17、re permeable.B.Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.C.Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.D.Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.(2).Whats the result of the French study?（分数：2.00）A.The harm of mo
18、bile phone radiation is life-threatening.B.Mobile phone may affect ones normal way of thinking.C.Sleep disorders could result from mobile phone radiation.D.A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation.(3).What kind of disease could not be caused by the use of mobile phone?（分数：2.00）A.Fa
19、tigue.B.Headache.C.Alzheimers disease.D.Tuberculosis.(4).According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone?（分数：2.00）A.People will be forbidden to use mobile phone.B.People dare not use mobile phone because of its radiation.C.People will continue to use mobile phone.D.Ther
20、e will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone.(5).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The research in Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect ones brain.B.Mobile phone radiation can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cell
21、s.C.Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink.D.Lszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after his research.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Effective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organisation and ensures
22、 that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an in
23、terest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subordina
24、te and not imposed.However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because messages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organisation. These inclu
25、de speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employees appraisal, should be done face-to-face.One of the main p
26、roblems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is impossible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of
27、creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication. Like memos or notes, even if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages.The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and n
28、etwork system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial, systems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot afford al
29、l of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realise that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.As the number of people involved in an organisation increase, the use of written
30、communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can lead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone you c
31、an discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be received. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.The amount of written information
32、generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the-way of making decisions. Take a look at the average managers desk and you will see the problemit is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to in
33、efficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult with the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming incre
34、asingly complex.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_.（分数：2.00）A.adapt the message to suit a particular audienceB.make the content of message brief and directC.select the most suitable means of conveying a particular messageD.ensure that info
35、rmation is targeted at the appropriate group of people(2).What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior managers?（分数：2.00）A.Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.B.It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.C.They shoul
36、d increase the range of options that they use.D.Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.(3).What advice is given about the communication tools made available by technology?（分数：2.00）A.Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.B.Evaluate them in terms of the
37、expenditure involved.C.Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.D.Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use.(4).According to the writer, a problem with written communication is that_.（分数：2.00）A.the message can be interpreted differently to what was intendedB.it can be
38、 easy for people to ignore the contents of a written messageC.most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communicationD.it is possible for correspondence to get lost within a large organisation(5).According to the article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information?
39、（分数：2.00）A.It is counter-productive.B.It causes conflict in a company.C.It leads to changes in work patterns.D.It makes the main points more difficult to identify.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, belief and ways of life of a given group of human beings
40、. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People onc
41、e thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answ
42、ers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind the western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually ar
43、e fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to he noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion; either by putting together
44、 words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward“ languages, while different from ours; are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distingu
45、ishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or the person addressed, or remote from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new li
46、ght upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：10.00）(1).The author uses quotation marks in “backward“ to indicate that_.（分数：2.00）A.backward languages are connected with backward groupsB.backward languages are conne
47、cted with backward culturesC.backward languages are moving forwardD.there is no such thing as backward languages(2).The example of American Indian languages in the passage is to illustrate that_.（分数：2.00）A.American Indian languages are not backwardB.“backward“ languages are borrowing from other lang
48、uagesC.“backward“ languages may possess quite complicated vocabulariesD.western languages may also borrow from “backward“ languages(3).According to the author, “backward“ languages tend to expand in_.（分数：2.00）A.grammatical structuresB.vocabulariesC.complicationD.sound patterns(4).Judging from the pa
49、ssage, the author might be_.（分数：2.00）A.an American IndianB.a CanadianC.an AfricanD.a Japanese(5).The best title for this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.Criticism of Language HierarchyB.Cultural Equality from the Perspectives of LanguageC.Expansion of “Backward“ LanguageD.Criticism of Language Hierarchy七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)By 1,800 about half the population of Brazil had come from Africa. So had about half the population of Venezuela. So had a smaller but still large part of all the population of Trans-Atlantic republics, whether in North, Central
