1、考研英语-815 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible (1) of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea (2) , or patent it.A (3) patent is the result of a bargain (4) between
2、an inventor and the state, hut the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period (5) .Only in the most exceptional circumstances (6) the lifespan of a patent (7) to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever
3、 (8) was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to (9) and thus no hope for reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently (10) after it has terminated, the shelves of
4、the library attached to the (11) office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if (12) than half a century, sometimes even repatent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone (13) to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through (14) patents that th
5、e one sure way of violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form (15) invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally (16) to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is (1
6、7) on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely (8) in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new“ ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is theft reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, (19) makes
7、 news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate (20) the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine ear was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.（分数
8、：10.00）A.workB.possibilityC.measuresD.coursesA.openB.coveredC.secretD.improvedA.grantedB.grantingC.inventingD.inventedA.strikingB.struckC.to be strikingD.to strikeA.terminatingB.continuingC.continuesD.terminatesA.areB.to beC.beD.isA.extendingB.will extendC.extendedD.to be extendedA.grantedB.granting
9、C.to grantD.being grantedA.receivingB.sendingC.receiveD.sendA.publicB.secretC.closeD.concealedA.customerB.commerceC.patentD.televisionA.longerB.olderC.weakerD.youngerA.wishedB.refusingC.refusedD.wishingA.liveB.deadC.workingD.recordingA.temporarilyB.suddenlyC.permanentlyD.sharplyA.dangerousB.undesira
10、bleC.safeD.terribleA.constructedB.sentC.anticipatedD.basedA.involvingB.involvedC.containedD.containingA.whichB.whenC.thatD.whereA.withB.offC.beforeD.from二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the gro
11、wth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. M
12、embership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining
13、 and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting indust
14、ries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the w
15、ork was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was ba
16、sically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yarn would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers
17、, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the article, what changes did the Commercial Revolution bring about?（分数：2.00）A.Methods of productionB.Appearanc
18、e of craft guildsC.Increased trade volumeD.Growth of trade, banking and methods of production(2).The word “defunct“ in the first paragraph most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.popularB.obsoleteC.potentialD.flourishing(3).According to the article, in which area was it more energy-efficient?（分数：2.00）A.Smel
19、ting industryB.Mining industryC.BankingD.Weaving(4).The author implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.The guild system was more efficientB.The domestic system was capitalisticC.The technical advances stimulated the guild systemD.The domestic system was not as efficient as the guild system(5).According to the arti
20、cle, which one of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Technical advances stimulated the development of enterprisesB.In the woolen industry, weavers would pass on their products to spinnersC.The domestic system is also known as the putting out systemD.The word “clothier“ is synonymous to
21、“entrepreneur“ in this context五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In some ways, the United States has made spectacular progress. Fires no longer destroy 18,000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, or kill half a town of 2,400 people, as they did the same night in Peshtigo, Wisconsin. Other t
22、han the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky in 1977, it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.But even with such successes, the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world. Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology, b
23、ut the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough. American fire departments are some of the worlds fastest and best-equipped. They have to be. The United States has twice Japans population, and 40 times as many fires. It spends far less on preventing fires than on figh
24、ting them. And American fire-safety lessons are aimed almost entirely at children, who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who, contrary to popular myth, start very few of them.Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyones fault. That is not so in othe
25、r countries, where both public education and the law treat fires as either a personal failing or a crime. Japan has many wood houses; of the estimated 48 fires in world history, that burned more than 10,000 buildings, Japan has had 27. Penalties for causing a severe fire by negligence can be as high
26、 as life imprisonment.In the United States, most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at a too limited audience; just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or s
27、ocial pressure. There are smoke detectors in 85 percent of all homes. Some local building codes now require home sprinklers. New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.（分数：10.00）(1).The reason why so many Americans die in fires is that_.（分数：2.00）A.They took no interest in new techn
28、ologyB.they did not attach great importance to preventing firesC.they showed indifference to fighting firesD.they did not spend enough money on fire facilities(2).Although the fire death rate has declined, the United States_.（分数：2.00）A.still has the worst fire death rate in the worldB.is still alert
29、 to the fire problemC.is still training a large number of safety expertsD.is still confronted with the serious fire problem(3).It can be inferred from the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adultsB.American children have not received enough education of fire saf
30、ety lessonC.Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the United StatesD.Americas large population accounts for hight fire frequency(4).In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan?（分数：2.00）A.Architecture and building material.B.Education and technology.C.Laws and attitude.D.Al
31、l of the abov(5).To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries, the author suggests_.（分数：2.00）A.developing new technologyB.counting more on laws and social pressureC.placing a fire extinguisher in every familyD.reinforcing the safeness of household ap
32、pliances六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In old days, when a glimpse of stocking was looked upon as something far too shocking to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the first World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A mans secretary became his personal se
33、rvant, charged with remembering his wifes birthday and buying her presents; taking his suits to the dry cleaners; telling lies on the telephone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay and, of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again. The microchip a
34、nd high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much of the routine clerical work that secretaries did.“Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again because it will involve only the high-powered work-and then men will want to do it again.“That
35、was said by one of the executives(male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country. What he has predicted is already under way in the US. One girl described to me a recent temporary job placing men in secretarial jobs in San Francisco. She noted that all the men she dealt with appear
36、ed to be gay so possibly that is just a new twist to the old story.Over here, though, there are men coming onto the job market as secretaries. Classically, girls have learned shorthand and typing and gone into a company to seek their fortune from the bottomand thats what happened to John Bowman. Alt
37、hough he joined a national grocery chain as secretary to its first woman senior manager, he has since been promoted to an administration job.“I filled in the application form and said I could do audio/typing, and in fact I was the only applicant. The girls were reluctant to work for this young, glam
38、orous new woman with all this power in the firm. “I did typing at school, and then a commercial course. I just thought it would be useful finding a job. I never got any funny treatment from the girls, though I admit Ive never met another male secretary. But then I joined the Post Office as a clerk a
39、nd carelessly played with the typewriter, and wrote letters, and thought that after all secretaries were getting a good 1,000 a year more than clerks like me. There was a shortage at that time, you see. “It was simpler working for a woman than for a man. I found she made decisions, she told everybod
40、y what she thought, and there was none of that stuff ring this number for me dear, which men go in for.“Dont forget, we were a teamthats how I about itnot boss and servant but two people doing different things for the same purpose.“Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, wil
41、l there be male takeover? Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into the better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well as they because they are as efficient and well trained to cope with word processors and computers, and men.（分数：10.00）(1).Before the
42、first World War, female secretaries were rare because they_.（分数：2.00）A.wore stockingsB.were not as serious as menC.were less efficient than menD.would have disturbed the other office workers(2).A secretary in the future will（分数：2.00）A.be better paidB.have less work to doC.have higher statusD.have mo
43、re work to do(3).John Bowman was given his first job as a secretary because（分数：2.00）A.he was luckyB.no one else appliedC.he had the best qualificationsD.he wanted to work for a woman(4).When he was a post office clerk, secretaries were better paid because_.（分数：2.00）A.they were in shortageB.they were
44、 better trainedC.they worked longer hoursD.they had greater responsibility(5).The writer believes that before long_.（分数：2.00）A.men and women will compete for secretarial workB.men will take over womens jobs as secretariesC.women will operate most office machinesD.men will be better with machines七、Te
45、xt 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Though it is mere 1 to 3 percent of the population, the upper class possesses at least 25 percent of the nations wealth. This class has two segments: upper-upper and lower-upper. Basically, the upper-upper class is the “old rich“families that have been wealthy for several generat
46、ionsan aristocracy of birth and wealth. Their names are in the Social Register, a listing of acceptable members of high society. A few are known across the nation, such as the Rockefellers, Roosevelts, and Vanderbilts. Most are not visible to the general public. They live in grand seclusion, drawing
47、 their income from the investment of their inherited wealth. In contrast, the lower-upper class is the “new rich“. Although they may be wealthier than some of the old rich; the new rich have hustled to make their money like everybody else beneath their class. Thus their prestige is generally lower t
48、han that of the old rich, who have not found it necessary to lift a finger to make their money, and who tend to look down upon the new rich.However its wealth is acquired, the upper class is very, very rich. They have enough money and leisure time to cultivate an interest in the arts and to collect
49、rare books, painting, and sculpture. They generally live in exclusive areas, belong to exclusive social clubs, communicate with each other, and marry their own kindall of which keeps them so distant from the masses that they have been called the out-of-sight class. More than any other class, they tend to be conscious of being members of a class. They also command an enormous amount of power and influence here and a broad, as they hold many top government positions, run the Council on Foreigh Relations, and control multi
