1、考研英语-771 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The safety of mobile phones (U. S. cell-phones) seems to face new questions after British researchers found that microwave emissions can affect the health of earthworms in unexplained ways.The larvae of tiny soil worms called ne
2、matodes grew faster and became more (1) after they were (2) for a long time to weak microwave radiation, of the (3) strength and frequency as that (4) by mobile phones, they found.Why this occurred is (5) , and there is no evidence that human health is also affected. But, they warn, the finding chal
3、lenges the standards which (6) whether a mobile is safe or not.These standards are based on whether the radiation is strong enough to cause a batch of (7) to warm up. Heat causes the chemical bonds in cells to (8) , a disruption that can be a potential (9) for cancer.The research, led by David de Po
4、merai at Nottingham University, central England, said larvae exposed to the microwaves (10) between eight and eleven percent faster than (11) which had not been exposed.In addition, the (12) of worms that (13) into egg-bearing adults was 2840 percent higher.By comparison, worms that had been exposed
5、 to (14) heat suffered a 10-percent reduction in their growth rate, and (15) none developed into fertile adults.The experiment is important because it suggests that microwaves might trigger biological effects. (16) warming any tissues.The scientists do not (17) out the possibility that radiation cou
6、ld cause hot-.spots to occur somewhere in the worm that then affected cell (18) .The worry, though, is that the 19 basis for determining mobile safety is whether microwaves cause heating in bulk tissue rather than just at (20) in it, they note.（分数：10.00）A.adequateB.fertileC.ampleD.multipleA.discharg
7、edB.exposedC.releasedD.deliveredA.uniformB.alikeC.sameD.respectiveA.conveyedB.commutedC.dispatchedD.emittedA.suspiciousB.unclearC.dubiousD.contradictoryA.determineB.disposeC.contriveD.resolveA.issueB.componentC.tissueD.ingredientA.break downB.put downC.break intoD.put offA.inspirationB.spurC.pushD.t
8、riggerA.grewB.amplifiedC.magnifiedD.swelledA.thatB.oneC.thoseD.onesA.dimensionB.proportionC.sectionD.ratioA.harvestedB.maturedC.yieldedD.sproutedA.trivialB.inferiorC.SubordinateD.mildA.identicallyB.virtuallyC.vitallyD.inherentlyA.withoutB.withC.despiteD.unlessA.dispelB.dismissC.exileD.ruleA.procedur
9、esB.processesC.processionD.channelA.exclusiveB.soleC.aloneD.lonelyA.spotsB.stainsC.localitiesD.locations二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the election of an appropriate punishment for
10、 those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth“. That is, the individual who has done wrong has comm
11、itted an offense; society must get even, which can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committ
12、ed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will
13、 counteract the denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The execution of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive
14、justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being s
15、ocially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found, whats more, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanen
16、tly separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing thi
17、s, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.（分数：10.00）(1).The expression “an eye for an eye, and a too
18、th for a tooth“ was cited in order to（分数：2.00）A.prove that equality demands just punishment.B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law.C.give moral back to retributive justice.D.show that man has long been interested in justice.(2).Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as（分数：2.00）A.
19、inadequate justice.B.an admission of not being able to cure a disease.C.the best way for society to get revenge.D.a richly deserved punishment for the murderer.(3).The basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice lies in（分数：2.00）A.the type of crime that was proven.B.the severi
20、ty of the punishment.C.the reason for the sentence.D.the outcome of the trial.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The notion of corrective justice pays more attention to equality.B.Modern jurists dont approve of our trying to separate any criminals from the society.C.
21、The idea of retributive justice is already removed in our civilized society.D.Supporters of retributive justice are inclined to adopt the severest punishment.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for this text?（分数：2.00）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime.B.Approaches to Just Punishment.C.
22、Improvement in Legal Justice.D.Attaining Justice in the Courts.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner d
23、rive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantne
24、ss and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and train
25、ed another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The di
26、scomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; t
27、hat is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequence
28、s of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization : conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acq
29、uire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alc
30、oholism based on the principles of learning theory, While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, eith
31、er type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.（分数：10.00）(1).Congers experiment with two groups of rats（分数：2.00）A.concludes that alcohol drinking may affect appetite.B.confirms the findings of other academic researchers.C.shows that alcohol minimizes fear.D.disproves learning and reinforcement th
32、eory.(2).From paragraph 3, we can learn that（分数：2.00）A.the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields.B.drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.C.tension reduction appears first after drinking alcohol.D.the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinkin
33、g.(3).The author provides enough information to answer the question of（分数：2.00）A.why alcoholics continue to drink in spite of the unpleasant consequences.B.how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy.C.under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.
34、D.which is the best treatment of alcoholism.(4).It can be inferred from the text that（分数：2.00）A.the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.the behavior of most alcoholics proves the learning theory.C.punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.D.freque
35、nt excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.(5).The main purpose of the text is to（分数：2.00）A.introduce some theories about alcoholism.B.help alcoholics and others to understand the cause of alcoholism.C.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholism.D.show the
36、 most effective new treatment of alcoholism.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A class action lawsuit has been filed against a prominent Toronto doctor, by patients who allege he injected a banned substance into their faces for cosmetic purposes. The doctor had already been investigated more than three years a
37、go for using the liquid silicone, a product not authorized for use in Canada.Some patients say they are now suffering health problems and think the liquid silicone may be to blame. One of those patients is Anna Barbiero. She says her Toronto dermatologist told her he was using liquid silicone to smo
38、oth out wrinkles. What she says he didnt tell her is that it isnt approved for use in Canada. “I didnt know what liquid silicone was and he just called it liquid gold ,“ Barbiero remembers. After her last treatment, Anna discovered Dr. Sheldon Pollack had been ordered to stop using the silicone two
39、years earlier by Health Canada. Experts say silicone can migrate through the body, and cause inflammation and deformities.“My upper lip is always numb and it burns,“ Barbiero says. Barbiero is spearheading a lawsuit against the doctor, who her lawyer thinks might involve up to 100 patients injected
40、with the same material. “The fact, a physician of his stature would use an unauthorized product on a patient because he thought it was okay, is really very disturbing, “says lawyer Douglas Elliott.Ontarios College of Physicians and Surgeons (OCPS) is also investigating Dr. Pollack to see if, in fact
41、, he continued to use the silicone after agreeing to stop and whether he wrote in patient records that he used another legal product when he had used silicone. However, in a letter to the College, Dr. Pollack wrote that he had always told patients that the silicone was not approved for sale in Canad
42、a, and had warned them of the risks. And in Barbieros case, “ . at the time of her first visit, prior to her ever receiving IGLS treatment, I specifically informed her that the material was not approved for sale in Canada by the Health Protection Branch and that I did receive the material from outsi
43、de the country. I would like to emphasize that, as is evident on Ms. Barbieros chart, I drew a specific diagram on the chart which 1 carefully discussed with and explained to Ms. Barbiero as I do with every other patient to explain the nature and likelihood of possible complications and the reasons
44、and consequences of those possible complications. “Dr. Pollack declined to speak to CTV News, or to have his lawyer discuss the case. None of the allegations have been proven in court. But the case raises questions about the ability of governing bodies to monitor doctors. “Theres a larger message an
45、d that is. buyer beware,“ says Nancy Neilsen of Cosmetic Surgery Canada. “Its incumbent on consumers to do their research. /（分数：10.00）(1).Why was Doctor Sheldon Pollack charged?（分数：2.00）A.Because he had prescribed wrong medicine for patients by mistake.B.Because he had treated his patients with some
46、thing illegal, causing bad result.C.Because he had pretended to be a prominent surgeon.D.Because he had sold an unauthorized product in large amount.(2).The word “dermatologist“ (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means a doctor dealing with（分数：2.00）A.heart disease.B.eye disease.C.breathing disorder.D.d
47、isorder and disease of the skin.(3).What does the investigation of OCPS want to find?（分数：2.00）A.Whether Dr. Pollack still has illegal treatment on his patients.B.How many patients have been abused.C.If Dr. Pollack told his patients about the risk.D.How much money Dr. Pollack got from his illegal tre
48、atment.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Barbiero took the treatment after being told the risk.B.Dr. Pollack started his work with the patients agreement to accept the potential risk.C.A famous doctor should be authorized to use something he thinks okay on patients.
49、D.Barbiero is suffering a lot.(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.Barbiero will win the lawsuit.B.Dr. Sheldon Pollack will win the lawsuit.C.the cases have been dismissed.D.governing bodies which monitor doctors will be charged.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chili served at a Wendys fast food franchise in California, the chains sales fell by half in the San Jos6 area where the incident was reported. Wendys brand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late
