1、考研英语-683 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the afternoon of April 19th, 1587, Sir Francis Dr. ake led his convoy of 31 ships into the port of Cadiz, (1) the Spanish navy was being prepared to (2) England. The Spanish were (3) completely by surprise, and Dr. akes men q
2、uickly looted, sank or burnt every ship in sight. After clearing the harhour of stores and (4) off a Spanish attack,Dr, aka and his ships (5) without the loss of a single man. Back in England, Dr. aka became a national hero, and his daring attack became known as the “singeing of the King of Spains b
3、eard“.As well as (6) back the Spanish plan to invade England by several months, Dr. akes daring attack (7) the success of a popular new drink. For among the stores that he (8) from Cadiz were 2,900 large barrels of sack, a wine made in the Jerez region of Spain, and the (9) of todays sherry. The win
4、e makers of Jerez looked for overseas markets, and sack started to take off in England. In 1587, the celebratory drinking of the sack brought back from Cadiz by Dr. ake gave it a further (10) and made it hugely fashionable, (11) its Spanish origin.For (12) chemical reasons, sack was an unusually lon
5、g-lasting and (13) wine. This made it ideal for taking on long sea voyages, (14) which alcoholic drinks acted as a vital social lubricant that (15) the hardship of spending weeks packed into a (16) ship. Columbus took sack with him to the new world in the 1490s, making it the first wine to be (17) i
6、nto the Americas.In 1604, sack was (18) official recognition of (19) when James I (20) an ordinance limiting its consumption at court. By this time sack was popularly known as sherris-sack (sherris being a corruption of Jerez), which eventually became the modern word sherry.（分数：10.00）A.whereB.whenC.
7、asD.whichA.aggravateB.besiegeC.invadeD.siegeA.seizedB.takenC.capturedD.snappedA.fendingB.fencingC.defeatingD.bringingA.avoidedB.hidedC.brokeD.escapedA.cuttingB.takingC.settingD.dissectingA.stitchedB.sealedC.stuckD.labeledA.robbedB.plunderedC.squanderedD.stoleA.deviantB.variationC.forerunnerD.descend
8、antA.stimulusB.incentiveC.conduciveD.boostA.neverthelessB.notwithstandingC.howeverD.concerningA.obscureB.obsessiveC.obsceneD.obsoleteA.dryB.robustC.weakD.stiffA.inB.onC.duringD.toA.lessenedB.worsenedC.softenedD.sharpenedA.spaciousB.creptC.campedD.crampedA.soldB.exportedC.importedD.introducedA.confer
9、redB.presentedC.grantedD.offeredA.sortsB.kindsC.sortD.kindsA.announcedB.proclaimedC.claimedD.issued二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The California Public Employees Retirement System (CalPERS) has positioned itself as the premier champion of investor r
10、ights, regularly singling out bad managers at some of the nations largest companies in its annual corporate-governance focus lists. And with $153 billion under management, Wall Street tends to listen when CalPERS speaks out. But the countrys largest pension fund has never taken on as big a fish as i
11、t did Dec. 16, when it filed a class action against the New York Stock Exchange and seven of its member firms. CalPERS suit charges the NYSE and specialist firms with fraud, alleging that the exchange skirted its regulatory duties and allowed its members to trade stocks at the expense of investors.T
12、he move is a major slap in the face for the NYSEs recently appointed interim Chairman John Reed. The former Citibank chairman and CEO came on board in September after the exchanges longtime head, Richard Grasso, resigned under pressure over public outrage about his excessive compensation.Reed has be
13、en widely criticized by CalPERS and other institutional investors for not including representatives of investors on the exchanges newly constituted board and not clearly separating the exchanges regulatory function from its day-to-day operations. The CalPERS lawsuit is evidence that the investment c
14、ommunities dissatisfaction hasnt ebbed. “Our hopes were dashed when Mr. Reed didnt perform,“ says Harrigan.The suit alleges that seven specialist firms profited by abusing and overusing a series of trading tactics. The tactics, which are not currently illegal, include “penny lumping, where a firm po
15、sitions itself between two orders to capture a piece of the price differential, “front running“, which involves trading in advance of customers based on confidential information obtained by their orders, and “freezing“ the firms order book so that the firm can make trades on its own account first.Ma
16、ny of the suits allegations are based on a previously disclosed investigation of the exchange conducted by the Securities but throughout history the practitioners of “pure“ science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for t
17、echnological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechan
18、ics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics Were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp valu
19、e distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal
20、 laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization, but also that the rate of technological change has d
21、eveloped its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus tec
22、hnology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.（分数：10.00）(1).Science is, as the author argues, similar to technology in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it involves a long process of changeB.it focuses on the casual aspects of the material worldC.it resorts to experiments as an exclusive met
23、hod of researchD.it is concerned about the theoretical development(2).Which of the following does the author Not agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology,B.Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress.C.Science and technology mov
24、e forward at a comparable speed.D.Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other.(3).The example of the steam engine is presented to _.（分数：2.00）A.refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideasB.illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial c
25、ivilizationC.indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratoryD.laws come out much earlier than related functions(4).What does “the practical manifestations. out of control“ (Par（分数：2.00）A.3) mean?A. Technology is losing its traditional practicality.B. Technology is moving further aw
26、ay from science.C. Technological progress is benefiting the whole world.D. Technology is threatening the existence of human civilization.(5).The “historians“ as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with _.（分数：2.00）A.absolute enthusiasmB.total indifferenceC.obvious resentmentD.reserv
27、ed approval八、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00) A. Do the childrens verses of Edward Lear, Hilaire Belloc or the Ahlbergs count as nursery rhymes, or arc those something different altogether? What about playground rhymes, clapping or skipping games, football chants, pop songs or old music-hall songs? What about
28、 the work of Robert Graves, W.H. Auden, l.ouis MacNeice, even Wordsworth and Byron that uses the form and metre of nursery rhymes, often to hauntingly complex emotional effect. See, its not as simple as it appears. B. If this analysis of the strange phenomenon that is nursery rhymes resembles one of
29、 those maddeningly opaque riddles with which our rude forefathers used to amuse themselves around the fireside of a dark winters evening, it is probably because the lineage of nursery rhymes occupies two quite separate and contradictory traditions-the oral and the written. C. From this diminutive be
30、ginning (the book measured just 3in by in), and from A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, published in the same year by John Ncwbery, the first specialist childrens publisher, an entire literature sprang. Suddenly, the random cacophony of the oral tradition-the lullabies, counting games, fragments of folk s
31、ongs, mummers plays, political squibs, doggerel, scurrilous adult ballads, riddles and whathaveyou began to be collected and codified into a formal canon, to which the name of “nursery rhymes“ became attached in the early 19th century. D. The satellite childrens channel Nick Jr. is running a competi
32、tion called Time for a New Rhyme. The channel is looking for a “modern nursery rhyme for the new millennium“, which could be “about anything and everything from political and current events to family life“. So, off you go. Except, what is a nursery rhyme, exactly? And how does it differ if, indeed i
33、t differs at all-from any other sort of childrens poetry? E. Collectors of anything tend to have obsessive, eccentric and proprietorial tendencies, and from the realm of nursery rhyme there emerged some magnificent specimens. Strangest of all was John Bellenden Ker, who developed a laborious theory
34、designed to prove that English nursery rhymes had emerged from a kind of political protest literature composed in a form of early Dutch (which was in fact his own invention). F. It is certain that the history of nursery rhymes is as old as the history of language. Rhythm and rhyme are not merely the
35、 foundations of language learning, but-together with their natural partners, the physical activities of skipping, clapping, jumping, dancing they are the great, free, unbreakable, ever-ready playthings of childhood. Iona Opie, the leading authority on childrens lore and literature, and her late husb
36、and, Peter, in their introduction to the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, note a fragment of a childrens song in the Bible (“We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not wept. “) G. But on the whole, references to rhymes specifically intended for chil
37、dren are comparatively rare before the 18th century. All this changed swiftly in the mid-18th century, when the first book of nursery rhymes appeared: Tommy Thumbs Pretty Song Book, published by a woman, Mary Cooper, and edited by “N. Lovechild, appeared in 1744 in two volumes, at 4d apiece. A singl
38、e copy of volume two survives in the British Museum, containing rhymes that are as familiar to the modern as the Georgian nursery: “Bah, bah, a black sheep“, “Who did kill Cock Robbin?“ and “There was a little Man/And he had a little Gun.“ H. The ambiguity of what is and isnt a nursery rhyme is comp
39、ounded by the fact that every expert you consult seems to have a different theory. Nick Tucker, a former senior lecturer at the University of Sussex, comes up with the most enigmatic definition. “Its completely self defining,“ he says. “A nursery rhyme is something in a nursery rhyme book. Most anth
40、ologies are not interested in expanding the canon, because when people buy an anthology, they dont want a lot of change. At home, they are singing bits of Beatles songs or football chants to their children, which would once have got into the nursery rhyme canon, if a folklorist had come and collecte
41、d them-but we have got past that stage now.“Order:（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_九、Part C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A college student becomes so compulsive about cleaning his dorm room that his grades begin to slip. An executive living in New York has a mortal fear of snakes but lives in Manhatta
42、n and rarely goes outside the city where he might encounter one. A computer technician, deeply anxious around strangers, avoids social and company gatherings and is passed over for promotion.Are these people mentally ill?(46) In a report released last week, researchers estimated that more than half
43、of Americans would develop mental disorders in their lives, raising questions about where mental health ends and illness begins.(47) In fact, psychiatrists have no good answer, and the boundary between mental illness and normal mental struggle has become a battle line dividing the profession into tw
44、o viscerally opposed camps.On one side are doctors who say that the definition of mental illness should be broad enough to include mild conditions, which can make people miserable and often lead to more severe problems later.(48) On the other are experts who say that the current definitions should b
45、e tightened to ensure that limited resources go to those who need them the most and to preserve the professions credibility with a public that often scoffs at claims that large numbers of Americans have mental disorders.The question is not just philosophical: where psychiatrists draw the line may de
46、termine not only the willingness of insurers to pay for services, but the future of research on moderate and mild mental disorders. (49) Directly and indirectly, it will also shape the decisions of millions of people who agonize over whether they or their loved ones are in need of help, merely eccen
47、tric or dealing with ordinary life struggles.“This argument is heating up right now,“ said Dr. Darrel Regier, director of research at the American Psychiatric Association, “because were in the process of revising the diagnostic manual,“ the catalog of mental disorders on which research, treatment an
48、d the profession itself are based.The next edition of the manual is expected to appear in 2010 or 2011, “and theres going continued debate in the scientific community about what the cut-points of clinical disease are,“ Dr. Regier said.Psychiatrists have been searching for more than a century for som
49、e biological marker for mental disease, to little avail. (50) Although there is promising work in genetics and brain imaging, researchers are not likely to have anything resembling a blood test for a mental illness soon, leaving them with what they have always had: observations of behavior, and patients answers to questions about how they feel and how severe their condition is.（分数：10.00）_
