1、考研英语-678 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Losing weight can seem like an unwinnable war. You know you need to eat less and exercise more, but thats (1) impossible when everything in your lifefrom job stress to the temptation of fast and (2) foodsencourages you to do the
2、 (3) . A healthy diet and regular exercise are certainly the best weapons against weight gain, (4) the fact is that sometimes they arent enough. And thats (5) science may someday be able to help.In various research labs, researchers are closely looking (6) the biological mechanisms of obesity, (7) w
3、hy some bodies store fat so (8) , and why others are better at burning the calories they (9) . They are discovering a surprising (10) of metabolic and physiologic factors that contribute to weight: did you know, for instance, that your intestines are full of bacteria that can (11) or restrain weight
4、 gain to some extent? Or that the brown fatwhich is (12) in newbornsactually burns a lot of calories, (13) the traditional white fat commonly stored in bellies?These and other findings about the biology of weight gain could be the (14) to slimming our collective waistline, if scientists can someday
5、use them to (15) better treatments for obesity. (16) we could use the help: in the decade between the year of 1991 and that of 2000, the (17) of overweight adults in the U.S. increased by 61%. Last year, 30% of children in 30 states (18) the scales as either overweight or obese. “We just dont have e
6、nough physicians to treat all the obese people,“ says Dr. Michael Jensen, professor of medicine.If the latest findings from obesity labs prove as (19) as they are promising, they could in the future make the job of fighting obesity easier for (20) and patients, and help all of us get an extra boost
7、from our diet and exercise programs.（分数：10.00）A.nearlyB.certainlyC.neverD.surelyA.greasyB.regularC.fattyD.nutritionalA.bestB.impossibleC.trickD.oppositeA.soB.butC.whileD.becauseA.whoB.whenC.whatD.whereA.forB.atC.afterD.outA.figuring outB.pointing outC.setting outD.getting outA.difficultlyB.quicklyC.
8、randomlyD.readilyA.holdB.digestC.consumeD.containA.schoolB.crowdC.armyD.arrayA.preventB.allowC.controlD.promoteA.abundantB.tremendousC.massiveD.giganticA.amongB.unlikeC.aboveD.besidesA.weaponB.clueC.problemD.keyA.shareB.createC.spreadD.introduceA.AlthoughB.AndC.ThereforeD.FurthermoreA.preventionB.pr
9、evalenceC.previewD.previsionA.tippedB.pushedC.dippedD.weighedA.profitableB.wiseC.practicalD.flexibleA.scientistsB.physiciansC.chiefsD.researchers二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that boys and girlsand men and womenare programmed by evolution
10、to behave differently from one another is now widely acknowledged. But which of the differences between the sexes are “biological“, in the sense that they have been honed by evolution, and which are “cultural“ or “environmental“ and might more easily be altered by changed circumstances, is still fie
11、rcely debated.The sensitivity of the question was shown last year by an uproar at Harvard University. Larry Summers, then Harvards president, caused a storm when he suggested that innate ability could be an important reason why there were so few women in the top positions in mathematics, engineering
12、 and the physical sciences.Even as a proposition for discussion, this is Unacceptable to some. But biological explanations of human behavior are making a comeback. The success of neo-Darwinism has provided an intellectual foundation for discussion about why some differences between the sexes might b
13、e innate. And new scanning techniques have enabled researchers to examine the brains interior while it is working, showing that male and female brains do, at one level, operate differently. The results, however, do not always support past clichs about what the differences in question actually are.On
14、e behavioral difference that has borne a huge amount of scrutiny is in mathematics, particularly since Dr. Summers comments. The problem with trying to argue that the male tendency to systemize might lead to greater mathematical ability is that, in fact, girls and boys are equally good at maths prio
15、r to teenage years. Until recently, it was believed that males outperformed females in mathematics at all ages. Today, that picture has changed, and it appears that males and females of any age are equally good at computation and at understanding mathematical concepts. However, after their mid-teens
16、, men are better at problem solving than women are.The question raised by Dr. Summers does get to the heart of the matter. Over the past 50 years, women have made huge progress into academia and within it. Slowly, they have worked their way into the higher echelons of discipline after discipline. Bu
17、t some parts of the ivory tower have proved harder to occupy than others. The question remains, to what degree is the absence of women in science, mathematics and engineering caused by innate, immutable ability?Innate it may well be. That does not mean it is immutable. A variety of abilities are ame
18、nable to training in both sexes. And such training works. Biology may predispose, but it is not necessarily destiny.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from Paragraph 1 that men and women_.（分数：2.00）A.all approve of the evolution theoryB.are born to behave in different waysC.recognize their differences by means o
19、f computer programsD.have more biological differences than cultural ones(2).Which of the following statements would Larry Summers support?（分数：2.00）A.Women are innately less able than men in some areas.B.Women have limited capacity in all research fields.C.Women should not choose careers in maths, en
20、gineering, etc.D.Women are facing discrimination in their careers.(3).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 4?（分数：2.00）A.Due to the systematic thinking, males have greater mathematical ability than females.B.Boys are not better at mathematics than girls are in their teenage years.C.N
21、owadays, females are cleverer than males in mathematics at any age.D.Boys and girls perform equally well in problem solving in teenage years.(4).The sentence “Biology may predispose, but it is not necessarily destiny“ (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 6) indicates that_.（分数：2.00）A.biological factors determine o
22、nes capabilitiesB.womens role is not decided by destinyC.biological differences could be changedD.abilities can be acquired despite innate differences(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Sex Difference: Who Is Smarter?B.Female Lag in Certain Fields: Gender Diffe
23、renceC.Differences between the Sexes: Mismeasure of WomenD.Gender Inequality: Female Inferiority Proved五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Baby boomers fretting over their pensions should spare a thought for Constance DeCherney. Like many of her generation, the 27-year-old Web strategist at Planned Parenthood i
24、n New York has done little to prepare for retirement. “Just the idea of saving for retirement feels overwhelming,“ she says. “My fear of doing something wrong, or not doing enough, sort of paralyzes me.“DeCherney is typical of Americas so-called Generation Y, the twentysomethings who have entered th
25、e workforce in the past I0 years. Already saddled with student debts averaging almost $20,000, according to New York-based think tank Demos, Gen Y is in a tougher financial position than previous generations. The average salary for 25-to 34-year- olds, for instance, fell 19 percent over the last 30
26、years, after adjusting for inflation, to $35,100, Demos estimates. Thats if they can get jobs: unemployment among 19-to 24-year- olds stands at 15.3 percent vs. the overall rate of 9.5 percent, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. While many of their parents have guaranteed retirement income
27、 from being in a company-funded pension for part of their careers, Gen Y is “the first do-it-yourself retirement generation,“ says Catherine Collinson, president of the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies in Los Angeles.Investment companies are stepping up efforts to engage Gen Yers in retire
28、ment planning. Charles Schwab has revamped its website to include weekly advice for younger workers on everything from retirement planning to paying down debt. Vanguard is testing out social media, using more blogs, a Facebook page, and soon, Twitter. “Its how this younger generation learns,“ says V
29、anguard Chief Executive Officer William McNabb . Fidelity, the nations largest 401 (k) administrator, in June launched an iPhone app for tracking retirement savings and has replaced bulky pension literature with e-mail updates. “This generation lacks confidence about making financial decisions,“ say
30、s Beth McHugh, Fidelitys vice-president of market insights. “You have to explain why planning for retirement is so important.“Thats presuming you can get their attention. Fewer than 4,000 Facebook users have clicked the “like“ button for Fidelitys page and about 9,000 have done so for Vanguards. Mea
31、nwhile, 4.2 million people say they like Apple iTunes on Facebook. Schwab, which began sending Twitter feeds in mid-June, has 277 followers. Whole Foods Market has 1.8 million.Some baby boomer parents enlist the help of their financial planners in giving their kids a retirement reality check. Jim St
32、oops, a Schwab financial consultant in Chicago, says his 250-plus clients often bring their sons and daughters to his office for advice. “Parents just cant believe how difficult retirement will be for their children,“ he says. “Theyre trying to instill financial values in their kids./（分数：10.00）(1).A
33、ccording the passage, Generation Y is a generation that_.（分数：2.00）A.works in their twenties and shoulders a heavy financial burdenB.has to work harder than their parents generationC.will enjoy a safe and comfortable retirement without any planD.faces the practically lower salary and higher unemploym
34、ent rate(2).In the view of Catherine Collinson, Gen Y_.（分数：2.00）A.should receive more advice about getting a pensionB.will not get any money after they retireC.has to develop their own retirement plans to secure a pensionD.has no other ways to pay into a pension except working hard(3).What measures
35、do investment companies take to attract Gen Y?（分数：2.00）A.They give more profits and benefits to Gen Y.B.They use a lot of modern technologies and tools.C.They all offer the financial consultation service.D.They share the worries and fears of Gen Y.(4).Using the figures in Paragraph 4, the author int
36、ends to_.（分数：2.00）A.show how large the population of Gen Y isB.reveal the popularity of some websites and cell phonesC.exhibit that investment companies web promotion has failedD.reveal the great concern of Gen Y about their retirement(5).Which of the following would best summarize the text?（分数：2.00
37、）A.The tough financial situation facing Gen Y.B.Gen Ys unprepared retirement plan.C.Investment companies web promotion.D.Parents great concern over their children.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the first Earth Day, the U.S. was a poisoned nation. Dense air pollution blanketed cities like Los Angeles, wh
38、ere smog alerts were a fact of life. Dangerous pesticides like DDT were still in use, and water pollution was rampantsymbolized by raging fires on Clevelands Cuyahoga River. But the green movement that was energized by Earth Day and the landmark federal actions that followed itchanged much of that.
39、Today air pollution is down significantly in most urban areas, the water is cleaner, and even the Cuyahoga is home to fish again.But if the land is healing, Americans may be sickening. Since World War , production of industrial chemicals has risen rapidly, and the U.S. generates or imports some 19 b
40、illion kg of them per day. These arent the sorts of chemicals that come to mind when we picture pollutionhuge plants spilling contaminated wastewater into rivers. Rather, theyre the molecules that make good on the old “better living through chemistry“ promise, appearing in items like unbreakable bab
41、y bottles and big-screen TVs. Those chemicals have a, habit of finding their way out of everyday products and into the environmentand ultimately into living organisms. A recent biomonitoring survey found traces of 212 environmental chemicals in Americansincluding toxic metals, pesticides, etc. “Its
42、not the environment thats contaminated so much,“ says the director of the Cincinnati Childrens Environmental Health Center. “Its us.“As scientists get better at detecting the chemicals in our bodies, theyre discovering that even tiny quantities of toxins can have a potentially serious impact on our
43、healthand our childrens future. Chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalateskey ingredients in modern plasticsmay disrupt the delicate endocrine system. A host of modern ills that have been rising unchecked for a generationobesity, diabetes, attention-deficit disorder could have chemical connecti
44、ons. “We dont give environmental exposure the attention it deserves,“ says Dr. Philip Landrigan. “But theres an emerging understanding that kids are uniquely susceptible to environmental hazards.“Washington has been slow to arrive at that conclusion. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the 34-y
45、ear-old vehicle for federal chemical regulation, has generally been a failure. The burden of proving chemicals dangerous falls almost entirely on the government. And the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been able to issue restrictions on only a handful of chemicals and has lacked the power
46、to ban even some dangerous cancer-causing substances.But change is coming. The Obama Administration is taking a closer look at chemicals. More important, Congress may finally be ready to act. “We cant permit this assault on our childrens healthand our own healthto continue,“ says Senator Frank Laute
47、nberg.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?（分数：2.00）A.Earth Day is the only day for people to participate in green movement.B.Earth Day motivated people to change the polluted environment.C.Los Angeles once had environmental problems like water pollution.D.The raging
48、 fires on Clevelands Cuyahoga River resulted from smog.(2).The environmental chemicals in the U.S._.（分数：2.00）A.come from spilling contaminated wastewaterB.appear in everyday productsC.cause more contamination to the environmentD.have few sorts but serious impact(3).As to the chemical problem, the au
49、thor holds in Paragraph 4 that_.（分数：2.00）A.Washington has successfully made some federal chemical regulationsB.the EPA has issued restrictions on various chemicalsC.Washington was slow to realize the problem and take measuresD.the government should take all the responsibility for proving dangerous chemicals(4).According to Senator Frank Lautenberg, _.（分数：2.00）A.actions should be taken to protect children from the environmental chemicalsB.more people begin to realize childrens susceptibili
