1、考研英语-579 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)American higher education stands on the brink (边缘) of chaos. (1) have so many spent so long learning so little.The present crisis (2) the increasingly widespread acceptance among faculty and administrators of the fatal education
2、al (3) that a student should not be required to do any academic work that (4) him. If a student prefers not to study science or history or literature, he is (5) to attain his degree without studying any science, history, or literature.Throughout the country the attempt is being (6) to provide studen
3、ts with what is advertised as a (7) education without requiring of them the necessary self-discipline and hard work. Students have been led to believe they can achieve (8) effort, that all they need to do in order to obtain a good education is skip (跳跃) casually down the merry road to learning. Unfo
4、rtunately, that road is no (9) a detour (绕路) to the dead end of ignorance.We must realize that becoming an educated person is a difficult, demanding (10) . Just as anyone who spoke of intense (11) training as a continuous source of pleasure and delight would be thought a fool, for we all know how mu
5、ch pain and frustration such training involves, so anyone who speaks of intense mental (12) as a continuous source of joy and ecstasy ought to be thought (13) foolish, for such effort also involves pain and frustration. Of course, there can be joy in learning as there can be joy in sport. But in bot
6、h cases the joy is a result of overcoming genuine (14) and cannot be experienced without sweat.And that he (15) well is no reason why he should not be criticized for an (16) performance. Such criticism, when well-founded and constructive, is (17) demeaning (有辱人格的). Yet criticism of any sort is (18)
7、nowadays. (19) student opinion is given greater and greater (20) in the evaluation of faculty, professors are busy trying to ingratiate (迎合) themselves with the students.（分数：10.00）A.InvariablyB.BarelyC.NeverD.HardlyA.shows upB.sides withC.prevails overD.stems fromA.codeB.principleC.moralD.standardA.
8、displeasesB.distractsC.disciplinesD.disapprovesA.convincedB.consentedC.allowedD.acknowledgedA.doneB.madeC.offeredD.carriedA.humaneB.generousC.livelyD.liberalA.withoutB.throughC.despiteD.byA.rather thanB.fewer thanC.less thanD.more thanA.behaviorB.vocationC.enterpriseD.careerA.manualB.physicalC.mater
9、ialD.solidA.exertionB.strainC.practiceD.drillA.evenlyB.comparativelyC.thoroughlyD.equallyA.trialsB.challengesC.torturesD.dilemmasA.thinksB.impliesC.assumesD.meansA.inadequateB.unqualifiedC.incompetentD.incapableA.by all meansB.in a senseC.in no wayD.in any caseA.scarceB.scantyC.exceptionalD.rareA.Wh
10、ereasB.AsC.ThoughD.UnlessA.weightB.measureC.importanceD.stress二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Aimee Hunter, a research psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, has long studied individual responses to antidepressants. Being skeptica
11、l of the true effectiveness of the drugs, she says she was originally interested in researching the impact of placebos. But over the years, her own data began convincing her otherwise. “Ive come to see now, by doing the research myself and spending hours looking at numbers, that the medication is ab
12、solutely doing something,“ Hunter says.In an earlier study that Hunter published in 2009, she and her team used the same QEEG technique on 58 patients, who were given a placebo daily for one week before being randomized to take either placebo or an active drug. Researchers found distinct patterns of
13、 brain activity in the patients; not everyone responded to the placebo the same way. “We found that changes in brain function occurring during the first week of placebo predicted who will do well on medication,“ she says.The region where changes were recordedin the prefrontal lobeis thought to be in
14、volved in generating expectations. A common explanation for the placebo effect is that the mere anticipation of improvement begets real benefit. But in the case of Hunters patients, the changes in brain activity predicted actual response to the antidepressant , not to placebo.Intriguingly, in patien
15、ts who showed the specific brain response associated with antidepressant-related recovery, the most significant improvement was seen in what psychologists call interpersonal sensitivity how people respond to either positive or negative social events. When suffering from depression, patients tend to
16、become inured to positive social cues and oversensitized to negative ones. They may interpret a passerbys frown as being directed at them, for instance, and some research has found that depressed people are more likely to misidentify smiling faces as conveying neutral or negative emotions. The patie
17、nts who improved with medication in Hunters study “were less sensitive to rejection and more comfortable with others,“ she says.Reducing emotional sensitivitynot treating depression per seis what medications like Prozac, which affect the levels of serotonin in the brain, do best, according to Healy.
18、 If that entire class of drugs had been studied and marketed as pills to reduce emotional reactivity rather than depression, he says, “the placebo response would be very small compared to the drug. “Still, treating a patients oversensitivity does not necessarily help depression. For some people whos
19、e illness is marked by social dread and misperceived rejections, reducing that anxiety could be critical. But for someone whose depression is primarily experienced as deep sadness and inability to feel pleasure, blunting emotional sensitivity may do little good. These differences further explain why
20、 the drugs may produce such varied individual responses.Evidence suggests that about 80% of people with depression can be helped by drugs, talk therapy or a combination of the two, so although it is critical to figure out which treatments work for which patients, the larger question remains: Why are
21、nt most patients getting good care, and why do we continue to insist that so many of those taking antidepressants dont really need them?（分数：10.00）(1).At the beginning of her research, Hunter（分数：2.00）A.could not distinguish antidepressants from placebos.B.found medication was of no use to depressed p
22、atients.C.did not believe antidepressants could really help patients.D.did not use the right medical instrument to do her experiment.(2).It is generally believed that placebos can work on some patients because（分数：2.00）A.the patients believe in the effects of these placebos.B.the placebos have genera
23、ted real effects on the patients.C.the patients are never told anything about the placebos.D.the placebos are milder medications than antidepressants.(3).The most important finding Hunter has made is that（分数：2.00）A.antidepressants never work on any patients with depression.B.antidepressants lower th
24、e patients interpersonal sensitivity.C.depressed people tend to look at the negative side of a situation.D.depressed people never get along well with other people.(4).Reducing emotional sensitivity（分数：2.00）A.is what a placebo can do for patients.B.cannot help depressed patients at all.C.works better
25、 with some patients than with others.D.is the only thing an antidepressant can do.(5).It is implied in the last paragraph（分数：2.00）A.talk therapy is the most effective treatment for depressed people.B.it is easy to figure out which patient should receive which treatment.C.a combination of talk therap
26、y and drugs works best on depressed patients.D.antidepressants should not be treated simply as another kind of placebos.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One reason many politicians behave badly these days is that we spend less time thinking about what it means to behave well. This was less of a problem in pa
27、st centuries when leaders, teachers and clergy held detailed debates over what it meant to have good character.In the 18th century, for example, Edmund Burke composed a long, famous passage defining the standards of political excellence. In the 19th century, Anthony Trollope wrote a series of popula
28、r novels fussing over what it means to behave well in political life. Trollopes view was different than ours. Many Americans today assume that people are born with a good Inner Self but get corrupted by politics. American voters are always looking for the Innocent Outsider who can come in and bring
29、sweeping change.Trollope admired Prudent Insiders, not Innocent Outsiders. His most admirable characters have been educated by long experience. They have grown mature by exercising responsibility. They have been ennobled by custom and civilization. In his books, powerless outsiders often behave self
30、-indulgently and irresponsibly. Those who are in government have to grapple with the world as it really is.Trollopes ideal politicianswho have names like Plantagenet Palliser, Joshua Monk and the Duke of St. Bungay put service before independence. Their party and their country have asked them to acc
31、ept certain duties and face certain problems, and they just get on with it. They are more weighty, but also more boring.Trollopes ideal politicians share certain traits. They are reserved, prudent and scrupulous. They immerse themselves in dull practical questions like, say, converting the currency
32、system. They are not sweeping thinkers, but they make sensitive discriminations about the people and the circumstances around them. They learn to operate within the constraints imposed by their idiom, and they dont whine or complain about those constraints. They develop delicate understandings of wh
33、at is required in a given place in time.Trollopes ideal leaders are not glamorous celebrities of the sort we have come to long for since J. F. Kennedy. They are more like seamen or carpenters. They are judged by their professional craftsmanship. They are thin-skinned about any moral transgression th
34、ey might commit and rigorously honest when judging themselves. They try to make things better but are acutely aware that everything they do might make things worse. Trollopes leaders dont embrace change quickly but have to be dragged into embracing it after much interrogation, and the change they pr
35、efer is incremental.Trollope praises one of his prime ministers, Plantagenet Palliser, for “that exquisite combination of conservatism and progress which is his countrys present strength and her best security for the future. “ Trollopes readers would have come away from his books with a certain mode
36、l for how practical people should behave, which they could either copy or argue with. Im not sure his exemplars could thrive amid the TV politics of today, which calls for grand promises and bold colors. But there are prudent, reserved people in government even now.（分数：10.00）(1).By mentioning Burke
37、and Trollope, the author means to emphasize the idea that（分数：2.00）A.the modern silence on what good behavior is leads to its decline.B.moral standards in the 19th century were different from modern standards.C.American voters are less confident of their choice of political leaders.D.lack of responsi
38、bility is what is wrong with modern politicians.(2).A Prudent Insider is one（分数：2.00）A.who can come up with ideas in reforming the outside world.B.who shows little concern about the outside world as it really is.C.whose well-trained mind enables him to make sound judgment.D.whose education helps him
39、 to free himself from customs and traditions.(3).Trollopes ideal politicians have all the following traits except（分数：2.00）A.an admirable sense of responsibility.B.a commitment to routine government work.C.a sensitive discrimination against impatient people.D.a lesser sense of independence.(4).Unlike
40、 such leaders as Kennedy, Trollopes political leaders（分数：2.00）A.are born of humble or modest origins.B.have the intention of making themselves famous.C.often make things worse when they engage in reforms.D.do not embrace radical political changes.(5).Towards todays conservative leaders, the authors
41、attitude is（分数：2.00）A.critical.B.admirable.C.suspicious.D.tolerant.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didnt innovate, and governme
42、nt got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers.There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsi
43、ders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensens 1997 classic, The Innovators Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change.But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstanc
44、es. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challengesand potential business opportunitiesare problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems.Solutions wont come from the next new gadget or clever software, though suc
45、h innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors.“These days, more than ever, size matters
46、in the innovation game,“ said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. T
47、he government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so-called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption.In other developed nations, w
48、here energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bol
49、ster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways.These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In his book Chri
