1、考研英语-571 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In our society, we must communicate with other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person (1) by the simple means of speech. If we travel in buses, stand in football match (2) , we are likely to hav
2、e conversations (3) we give information or opinions, and sometimes have our views (4) by other members of society.Face-to-face contact is (5) the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the (6) of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary s
3、ociety. Two things, (7) others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has (8) advances in printing, photography and so on. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the (9) and reception of communications so that local news often (10) a back seat to national
4、news.No longer is the possession of information (11) to a privileged minority. Forty years ago people used to (12) to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a program that (13) into millions of houses. Communication is no longer merely concerned (14) the transmis
5、sion of information. The modern communications industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing (15) to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all (16) with informing, educating and entertaining. (
6、17) a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society (18) which he is a part, the vast modern network of communications is (19) to abuse. However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning (20) .（分数：10.0
7、0）A.basisB.baseC.levelD.groundA.linesB.queuesC.rowsD.filesA.whereasB.whichC.thatD.whereA.expressedB.challengedC.agreedD.voicedA.by some meansB.by any meansC.by no meansD.by all meansA.artB.deviceC.wayD.methodA.belowB.aboveC.overD.beyondA.resulted fromB.translated intoC.led toD.converted intoA.circul
8、ationB.diffusionC.transmissionD.transportationA.offersB.choosesC.takesD.leavesA.prohibitedB.providedC.allowedD.confinedA.strollB.pourC.flockD.rushA.is being channeledB.is broadcastingC.is being dischargedD.is transmittingA.aboutB.withC.toD.forA.accessB.availabilityC.entranceD.entryA.engagedB.involve
9、dC.occupiedD.dealtA.AlthoughB.SinceC.IfD.Even ifA.withB.forC.byD.ofA.possibleB.likelyC.closeD.openA.awayB.overC.downD.back二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)America acted quickly and decisively to the Great Recession, while Europeans seem paralyzed by t
10、he distant past. The swift and decisive U.S. response to the financial crisis and deep recession should be a model for other large developed economies. Yet Europe, which is now facing sovereign debt and banking problems and a slowdown in growth, seems reluctant to follow Americas lead.The United Sta
11、tes emerged from its 2008 economic cataclysm with relative speed because policymakers learned from history. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke had famously internalized the charge that the central bank had contributed to the Great Depression. The frenzied response of the Bernanke Fedguaranteeing
12、all sorts of assets and markets, purchasing mortgage-backed securities, adopting a zero-interest rate policy, and expanding its balance shed to $ 2.3 trillion can be seen as signs of overcompensation. And from Japans experience in the 1990s, the Fed learned the need for speed.While some critics have
13、 charged the U.S. fiscal stimulus was too small, the data suggest that the stimulus package has been a significant contributor to job retention and growth. Increased federal spending was needed in part to combat the declines in government spending by states. In the United States, the federal governm
14、ent helped prop up the states with injections of cash. In Europe, which lacks a powerful overarching federal government with the ability to tax and spend, fiscal policy is all bitter medicine and no spoonfuls of sugar. From the United Kingdom to the Czech Republic, and all points in between, governm
15、ents are cutting spending and raising taxes. But these contractionary policies will retard economic growth, which will in turn lead to more problems for the banks.The European Central Bank and European governments are embracing fiscal austerity and comparative monetary tightness in these extraordina
16、ry times because they remain paralyzed by a terrible fear of inflation. The Federal Reserve has the dual mandate of controlling inflation and promoting employment. The ECB, by contrast, is concerned primarily with inflation. Never mind that the OECD data on inflation shows it is under control. The E
17、uropeans remain freaked out by the prospect of inflation at some point in the future. In its outlook, the OECD writes. “On inflation, the issue is not whether it is a risk todayit is not but whether it will be a risk in two years time. “In the United States, the desire to avoid mistakes made in the
18、distant and recent past has led to perhaps excessively vigorous fiscal and monetary policies. For Europeans, the desire to avoid mistakes made in the distant past has led to an excess of caution. When they look to history for guidance, European policymakers arent looking at Washington in 2009, or Ja
19、pan in the 1990s, or the United States in the 1930s. Rather, they look to Europe in the 1920s, a period when hyperinflation ravaged economies, disrupted the social order, destroyed social democracies, and led to the rise of Nazism.（分数：10.00）(1).Ben Bernankes response to the crisis（分数：2.00）A.shows ho
20、w well policymakers learn from history.B.has met with fierce assaults from policymakers.C.has been considered to be overreacting and ineffective.D.has plunged American economy into deeper recession.(2).From the second paragraph we can infer（分数：2.00）A.the American economy began to recover from 2008.B
21、.Japan responded to its financial crisis fairly quickly.C.the American government paid out all the mortgage.D.America expanded its investment to more than 2 trillion.(3).Which of the following is NOT a faulty policy in Europe?（分数：2.00）A.Reduced government spending.B.Lack of a coordinated stimulus pa
22、ckage.C.Mutual contradiction between policies.D.An ineffective monetary policy.(4).Europes concern over inflation（分数：2.00）A.has annoyed its American partner.B.is supported by OECD statistics.C.makes it execute vigorous polices.D.bears no substance at all.(5).The main idea of the text is（分数：2.00）A.hi
23、story explains Europes timid response.B.Europe should reflect on historical lessons.C.Americans should teach Europeans a lesson.D.policymakers should not repeat historical mistakes.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Marriage in Mens Lives is a courageous and innovative book: courageous because it tackles a pol
24、itically and socially charged issuemarriage as a social institutionin a time when texts on the family portray marriage as just one of any number of equally valuable lifestyle choices; innovative because it looks closely at the ways in which a key social institution affects individuals, in this case,
25、 the way that marriage affects men.Even as sex differences within marriage have diminished, the role of husband still plays a unique function in the lives of men. Steven Nock argues that adolescent boys face challenges in becoming men that adolescent girls do not face in becoming women. According to
26、 Nock, “Masculinity is precarious and must be sustained in adulthood. Normative marriage does this. A man develops, sustains, and displays his masculine identity in his marriage. The adult roles that men occupy as husbands are core aspect of their masculinity.“ The behaviors expected of married men
27、as husbands, according to Nock, are the same behaviors expected of husbands as men. So getting married and successfully doing the things that husbands do allows men to achieve and sustain their masculinity.Nock argues that if marriage provides a mechanism through Which men establish and maintain the
28、ir masculinity, marriage should have consistent and predictable consequences. He reasons that normative marriage will have different consequences than other forms of marriage. Nock argues that marriage causes men to become more successful, participate in social life, and to become more philanthropic
29、. This is, in todays climate of extreme caution about causal relationships, a bold claim. He tests it using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and fixed effect models, to separate changes that accompany aging from those that happen uniquely at marriage. To measure achievement, Nock
30、uses annual income, annual weeks worked, and occupational prestige. He measures social participation with time spent on housework, social contacts, and organizational involvement; and he measures generosity with gifts to non-relatives and loans to relatives and non-relatives.To summarize his results
31、 too briefly, when men marry, their achievements rise on all measures; they reduce their time in housework; increase their contact with relatives, church services and church events, and coworkers; and decrease contact with friends and time in bars. When men marry, they give fewer and smaller gifts a
32、nd loans to non-relatives and more and larger loans to relatives. Nock also looks at changes in each of the measures of adult achievement, social participation, and generosity with changes in each of the dimensions of normative marriage. He finds, generally, that moves toward normative marriage incr
33、ease achievements, social participation with family and religious organizations, and generosity to relatives. Changes toward more normative marriage also reduce mens time in housework, their social contacts with friends, and social events in bars.（分数：10.00）(1).The authors attitude towards Nocks idea
34、s is one of（分数：2.00）A.acknowledgement.B.denial.C.surprise.D.ridicule.(2).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.Nock is a strong advocate for keeping the marriage tradition.B.nowadays most people choose not to marry.C.the way that marriage affects men is more important than the w
35、ay it affects women.D.Nock considers marriage only as one of the many equally valuable lifestyle choices.(3).According to Nock, the role of husband plays a unique function in the lives of men because（分数：2.00）A.most men now choose to challenge normative marriage by making free choice.B.becoming a hus
36、band allows men to achieve and sustain their masculinity.C.men show their determination in sustaining a key social institution through marriage.D.marriage expects different things of men from what it does of women.(4).What is the surprising claim made by Nook about normative marriage?（分数：2.00）A.That
37、 it helps a man to develop, sustain and display his masculine identity.B.That it helps a man to achieve more and perfect his integrity.C.That sex differences within marriage are diminishing.D.That maintaining too much masculinity after marriage can produce serious consequences.(5).This passage is mo
38、st likely to be（分数：2.00）A.a review of a book.B.a survey of the recent trend in marriage.C.a scientific report.D.a preface to a book.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Linguists have understood for decades that language and thought are closely related. Humans construct reality using thought and express these th
39、oughts through the use of language. Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The hypothesis consists of two parts, linguistic relativity and linguistic d
40、eterminism. Supporters of linguistic relativity assume that culture is shaped by language. Terwilliger defines linguistic determinism as the process by which “the functions of ones mind are determined by the nature of the language which one speaks.“ In simpler terms, the thoughts that we construct a
41、re based upon the language that we speak and the words that we use. In its strongest sense, linguistic determinism can be interpreted as meaning that language determines thought. In its weakest sense, language partially influences thought. Whorf was careful to avoid authoritative statements which wo
42、uld permanently commit him to a particular position.Because of the broad nature of his statements, it is difficult to distinguish exactly to what extent Whorl believes that language determines thought. Heated debate among modern linguists demonstrates that disagreement exists about the accuracy and
43、correctness of Whorfs studies and of the actual level of influence of language on thought processes.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis essentially consists of two distinct statements connecting the relation of thought and language. Whorf believes that humans may be able to think only about objects, processe
44、s, and conditions that have language associated with them. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also explains the relationship between different languages (French, English, German, Chinese, and so on) and thought. Whorl demonstrated that culture is largely determined by language. Different cultures perceive t
45、he world in different ways. Culturally essential objects, conditions and processes usually are defined by a plethora of words, while things that cultures perceive as unimportant are usually assigned one or two words. Whorl developed this theory while studying the Hopi Indian tribe. Whorf was amazed
46、that the Hopi language has no words for past, present, and future. The Hopi have only one word for flying objects. A dragonfly, an airplane, and a pilot are defined using the same word. Whorf questioned whether or not the Hopi view the world differently from western people. After further interpretat
47、ion and analysis he concluded that the Hopi have a sense for the continuum of time despite having no words to specifically describe past, present, and future.It is commonly believed that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis possesses some truth, but the extent to which it is applicable to all situations is qu
48、estioned. Linguists generally support a “strong“ or a “weak“ interpretation. Linguists who study the hypothesis tend to cite examples that support their beliefs but are unable or unwilling to refute the opposing arguments. Examples exist that strengthen the arguments of everyone who studies the hypo
49、thesis. Nobody has gained significant ground in proving or refuting the hypothesis because the definitions of Sapir and Whorl are very vague and incomplete, leaving room for a significant amount of interpretation.（分数：10.00）(1).Advocates of linguistic determinism insist that（分数：2.00）A.the realities constructed through different languages are different.B.language and thought are intimately related to each other.C.culture is shaped by language through which it expresses itself.D.both the culture and the mind determine the language to be used.(2).Whorl himself tends to hold t
