1、考研英语-553 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)What do you think of American health care system? Most people would be 1 by the high quality of medicine 2 to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of 3 to the individual, a 4 amount of advanced technica
2、l equipment, and 5 effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must 6 in the courts if they 7 things badly. But the Americans are in a mess. To the problem is the way in 8 health care is organized and 9 . 10 to pubic belief it is not just a flee competition
3、system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not 11 the less fortunate and the elderly. But even with this huge public part of the system, 12 this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollarsmore than 10 percent of the U.S. Budgeta large number of Ame
4、ricans are left 13 . These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits 14 income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control 15 the health system. There is no 16 to what docto
5、rs and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is to pay 17 . Two thirds of the population are 1
6、8 by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want 19 that the insurance company will pay the bill. The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the country“s health bill climbed 15.9 percentabout twice as fast as prices 20 genera
7、l.（分数：10.00）A.compressedB.impressedC.obsessedD.repressedA.availableB.attainableC.achievableD.amenableA.extensionB.retentionC.attentionD.exertionA.countlessB.titanicC.broadD.vastA.intensiveB.absorbedC.intenseD.concentratedA.nm intoB.encounterC.faceD.defyA.treatB.dealC.maneuverD.handleA.whichB.thatC.w
8、hatD.whenA.helpedB.financedC.plannedD.controlledA.ContraryB.OpposedC.AverseD.ObjectedA.looking forB.looking intoC.looking afterD.looking overA.whichB.whatC.thatD.itA.overB.outC.offD.awayA.forB.inC.withD.onA.overB.onC.underD.behindA.boundaryB.restrictionC.confinementD.limitA.outB.forC.upD.offA.discov
9、eredB.coveredC.recoveredD.rangedA.knowingB.to knowC.they knowD.knownA.onB.withC.inD.for二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many parents complain that their teenage children are rebelling. They greet their children“s teenage with needless dread. While tee
10、nagers may assault us with heavy-metal music, wear strange clothes, have strange hair styles, and spend all their time dating or meeting friends, such behavior scarcely adds up to full-scale revolt. Take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of sho
11、wing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their wings, most of them are clutching at one another“s hands for reassurance. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. It has become harder and harder for a teenager to st
12、and up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. They have come out of their cocooninto a larger cocoon. Teenage rebellion, according to psychologist Laurence Steinberg, coauthor of You and Your Adolescent , has been greatly overstated. Many other psychologists agree. The idea that t
13、eenagers inevitably rebel is a myth that has the potential for great family harm. This notion can damage communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters. Still adolescence is often a trying time of transition for child and parent. Teenagers need to establish themselves as
14、 individualsin their own minds and in the eyes of others. This search isn“t about rebellion: it“s about becoming a person of one“s own. “Teenagers ought to be growing away from their parents and learning to stand on their own two feet,“ says Steinberg. Here is one way parents can help: don“t stereot
15、ype. “Parents who expect teenage rebellion may actually stir it up,“ says Kenneth I. Howard, a member of a research team that collected survey data on more than 20,000 teenagers over a 28-year period. Howard cautions parents not to resort to suppression at the first sight of adolescent independence,
16、 fearful that giving in even slightly now means drugs cannot be far behind. When parents overreact, teenagers assert themselves more, parents clamp down harder, and a full-scale blowup results. In fact, psychologists say that there is no inevitable pattern to teenage behavior, and no such creature a
17、s a typical teenager. Your teenager is now larger, stronger, older and smarter than before, with an additional supply of hormone raging through the bloodstream. But he or she is still the same human being you have lived with since birth. Given a chance, your son or daughter will continue to behave i
18、n ways you have established.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, parents“ fear for their children“s teenage is _.（分数：2.00）A.ridiculousB.unnecessaryC.unreasonableD.sensible(2).“A larger cocoon“ as mentioned in paragraph 2 refers to the situation that _.（分数：2.00）A.teenagers disagree with their paren
19、tsB.teenagers want to be independentC.teenagers cannot escape from the popularity waveD.teenagers need support from their fellow teenagers(3).Overstating teenage rebellion will lead to the following consequences EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.it can do harm to the familyB.it can damage parents“ influenceC.it c
20、an prevent teenagers from being individualsD.it can impair teenagers“ ability to make correct judgment(4).According to the psychologists, it is beneficial for parents to _.（分数：2.00）A.show fearB.use suppressionC.clamp down harderD.treat teenagers as they used to(5).The text is meant to _.（分数：2.00）A.a
21、dvise the parents how to get along with their teenagersB.discuss teenage rebellion and ways to cope with itC.introduce psychologists“ views on teenage behaviorsD.clarify the misconception about teenage rebellion五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concer
22、ned many of the world“s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independen
23、tly striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one anoth
24、er. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conf
25、lict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, h
26、owever, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for occupancy of areas free from meat
27、-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessit
28、ies of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territo
29、ry at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to _.（分数：2.00）A.argue for the similarities between anima
30、l societies and human societiesB.smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC.distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it results in war in most
31、casesB.it induces efforts to expand territoryC.it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD.it is essentially a struggle for existence(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para.1) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.betray each otherB.harm one anotherC.help to collaborate wit
32、h each otherD.benefit one another(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict _.（分数：2.00）A.is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB.reflects the struggle among social animalsC.is an opposition among individual social entitiesD.can be avoided(5).The passage is probably intended
33、to answer the question “_“.（分数：2.00）A.Is war inevitable?B.Why is there conflict and competition?C.Is conflict desirable?D.Can competition lead to conflict?六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of itconvicting the guilty and acqu
34、itting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost
35、 forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our “adversarial“ system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental “inquisitorial“ system, under which the judg
36、e plays a more important inquiring role. In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by “ordeal“especially a religious eventwas the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. O
37、n the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even
38、 today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day. On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public ch
39、ecking of the written records already gathered. The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious cases are handled. First, because
40、the U.S.A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs. In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be p
41、rejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves person
42、ally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appe
43、aring for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better. Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries“ mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice
44、systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.（分数：10.00）(1).“British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice.“ It implies that _.（分数：2.00）A.the British legal system can do the basic job wellconvicting
45、 the guilty and acquitting the innocentB.the British legal system is worse than the continental legal systemC.the British legal system is often considered to be not very fairD.the British legal system is very efficient(2).Which of the following sentences is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Lawyers in Britain are
46、 prepared to lie in order to win their cases.B.When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in Britain.C.In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.D.Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors
47、could read.(3).In Britain, newspapers _.（分数：2.00）A.do the same as American newspapers doB.are not interested in publishing details about the trial before it takes placeC.are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes placeD.are allowed to publish details about the trial before it
48、 takes place(4).We can infer that American lawyers _.（分数：2.00）A.do not attempt to familiarize themselves with casesB.tend to be more passionately involved in their casesC.prepare the cases themselvesD.tend to approach cases dispassionately(5).The passage _.（分数：2.00）A.questions whether the system of
49、trial by jury can ever be completely efficientB.suggests a number of reforms which should be made to the legal system of various countriesC.describes how the British legal system works and compares it favourably with other systemsD.compares the legal systems of a number of countries and discusses their advantages and disadvantages七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Today Americans have different eating habits than in the past. There is a wide selection of food available. They have a broader knowledge of nutrition, so they b
