1、考研英语-539 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Optimism is the art of always seeing the glass half full (1) half empty, finding something positive in even the most (2) of situations and last but not least the ability to expect the best even if the chances are (3) . It enable
2、s you to try new things, deal with failure as a learning experience (4) a stopping point. In general optimism gives you a reason to live. The world would be a better place if it was full of optimism, (5) unfortunately the trend in todays youth is (6) the opposite way. Today it is (7) to be pessimist
3、ic. One could spend hours discussing how we arrived at this point, (8) our youth refuses to smell the roses and instead prefers to (9) themselves on their own pessimistic (10) .Optimism is not an (11) gift but rather a learned behavior (12) . Like most behaviors optimism is best learned by watching
4、examples, (13) you. The first step in creating a generation of people with a positive outlook on life, is to (14) life on the bright side yourself. (15) it would be wrong to (16) your child from all negativity, it is important that you are not the (17) of doubts and worries. Finding something positi
5、ve in a negative situation needs to be (18) Show how to make the best of things by always (19) the positive, by encouraging your child after a(n) (20) and by explaining over and over that failure is just a part of progress.（分数：10.00）A.apart fromB.opposite toC.contrary toD.instead ofA.dreadfulB.compu
6、lsoryC.alarmingD.sophisticatedA.exoticB.temporaryC.dimD.fewA.viaB.versusC.overD.beyondA.howeverB.thoughC.whereasD.butA.headingB.precedingC.choosingD.travelingA.sensibleB.faultyC.coolD.appreciatedA.howB.whenC.whereD.asA.celebrateB.chokeC.lingerD.repressA.motivesB.faithsC.valuesD.outlooksA.conventiona
7、lB.permanentC.innateD.inheritedA.patternB.formatC.capacityD.moldA.primarilyB.frequentlyC. namelyD.normallyA.drillB.implementC.exerciseD.applyA.AsB.SinceC. WhileD.UnlessA.shelterB.freeC.isolateD.nurtureA.originB.sourceC.foundationD.causeA.accomplishedB.trainedC.experiencedD.practicedA.focusing onB.ad
8、hering toC.turning toD.pointing outA.obstructionB.impedimentC.disappointmentD.hindrance二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Dogs are constantly learning from the reaction of human owners, picking up facial cues and anticipating their owners behavior, a ne
9、w research suggests. The findings, published online in the journal Learning and Behavior, show that dogs essentially are always in training, and help explain how many owners unknowingly teach and reward their dogs bad behavior.Research conducted at the University of Florida focused on the role of ey
10、e contact and facial cues in influencing canine behavior. Earlier studies have suggested that dogs seem to know when they are being watched and even wait to perform forbidden behavior like digging in the garden when they know their owners arent looking. In this study, researchers studied how human c
11、ues triggered begging behavior among 35 pet dogs, 18 shelter dogs and 8 wolves raised in captivity. First the animals were taught that the human strangers helping with the experiment were reliable sources of tasty treats. The testers stood close together and called to the animal, and both offered re
12、wards of Spam cubes or Beggin Strips treats.After four rewards, the experiment began. Two testers stood against a fence or wall, about 20 feet apart and with food in their pockets. The dog was held about 20 feet away, equidistant from both testers. In one condition, one tester faced the dog while th
13、e other turned her back. In another, a tester held a book near her face, while the other tester held the book in front of her face, as if she were reading. In a third condition, one tester held a bucket near the shoulder, while the other put the bucket over her head, blocking her eyes.Then, both tes
14、ters called out to the dogs. All the animalspet dogs, shelter dogs and wolvesignored the person whose back was turned and sought food from the person who was looking at them. “The question was, are dogs and wolves responsive to a humans attentional state?“ said Monique Udell, an assistant professor
15、of psychology at Flagler College, Fla. But when the testers held books, it was only the domestic dogs who avoided the person who appeared to be reading the book. “In a house where theyre used to people reading books, they are sensitive to those types of cues,“ said Dr. Udell. Interestingly, in the b
16、ucket experiment, the animals, for the most part, were equally likely to seek food from the person with the bucket over her head as the person holding the bucket.The experiment shows that dogs are tuned into whether humans are paying attention. “Dogs dont have to read our minds. Dogs read our behavi
17、or,“ said Dr. Udell. Pet owners often get frustrated with bad dog behavior without realizing that they themselves have reinforced it, either by giving the dog a treat when they beg, skipping a bath when they protest or letting them sleep on the bed or couch.（分数：10.00）(1).The new study found that（分数：
18、2.00）A.dogs never behave badly if their owners give them no cues.B.forbidden behavior is harder to train in canine animals.C.dogs behavior can never be shaped by conscious training.D.cues from humans help shape the behavior of canine animals.(2).The experiment shows that domestic animals（分数：2.00）A.a
19、re more responsive to human attentional state.B.feel more intimate to their human masters.C.are not easily fooled by human behavior.D.demonstrate greater interest in facial cues.(3).The possible reason why most animals turned to the person with the bucket is that（分数：2.00）A.they thought the bucket co
20、ntained food.B.they could not read that cue.C.the person did not turn his back on them.D.the person only half hid his face.(4).The expression “are tuned into“ probably means（分数：2.00）A.be ignorant of.B.be insensitive to.C.be responsive to.D.be oblivious to.(5).The best title for the text is（分数：2.00）A
21、.Your Dog Is Watching You.B.Dogs Are More Intelligent Than You Think.C.Dogs Are the Greatest Cheaters of the World.D.Dogs Are Often Taught to Perform Forbidden Behavior.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Any day now, the federal Department of Education will formally propose new regulations that would cut off f
22、ederal aid to for-profit colleges whose graduates cannot earn enough to repay their student loans.The regulations, known as the “gainful employment“ rules, are an effort to rein in the high debt loads students take on when they enroll in for-profit colleges that offer certificates or degrees in fiel
23、ds like nursing or culinary arts. Students at for-profit colleges are much more likely than others to default on their loans. Under the regulations, a draft of which came out in February, for-profit colleges would not be eligible to receive federal student aid if their graduates debt load was too hi
24、gh to be repaid, over 10 years, with 8 percent of their starting salary.The Career College Association, which represents 1,450 for-profit colleges, is lobbying fiercely against the regulations, which it argues are wrong-headed, unnecessary and likely to restrict needy students access to vocational t
25、raining and higher education. With so many community colleges overcrowded, the for-profit colleges say, their programs represent the nations best hope for training much-needed health care workers and technicians.Arne Duncan, the Secretary of Education, has avoided demonizing the for-profit schools.
26、In a May speech, he said that despite a “few bad apples,“ for-profit colleges play a vital role in helping the nation reach the Obama administrations goal of having the worlds best-educated work force by 2020.Advocacy groups representing students and consumers are less diplomatic. “These programs ov
27、er-promise, underdeliver and load vulnerable students up with way too much debt,“ said Chris Lindstrom, higher education program director at the U. S. Public Interest Research Group, part of a coalition of education, consumer, student and public interest groups supporting the regulations. In 2007, c
28、oalition members said, students at for-profit colleges made up only 7 percent of those in higher education hut 44 percent of those defaulting on federal student loans.Adding new fuel to the fire was a recent presentation at a New York conference for investors by Steven Eisman, a hedge-fund manager k
29、nown for having anticipated the housing market crash. Mr. Eisman, whose early awareness of structural problems in the housing market is described in Michael Lewiss bestseller The Big Short, said the for-profit education industry, like the subprime mortgage industry, has rested on the proliferation o
30、f loans to low-income people who would not be able to repay them.Federal law has long said that federal student aid can go only to for-profit colleges that “prepare student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation. “ But this is the governments first effort to define “gainful employment“ in
31、 relation to graduates debt-to-income loads. “With a record number of students attending programs that are subject to this requirement, and a record amount of taxpayer money being used to enable them to attend, its more important than ever to make sure theyre getting their moneys worth,“ said Paulin
32、e Abernathy, vice president of the Institute for College Access and Success.（分数：10.00）(1).The objective of the new regulations is to（分数：2.00）A.punish those students who refuse to repay their loans.B.reduce the loans to those students unable to pay back.C.sort out and punish the students who default
33、on their loans.D.reassess the eligibility for receiving federal student aid.(2).Faced with cuts in federal aid,（分数：2.00）A.for-profit colleges are in a fight.B.students cannot afford their tuition.C.students turn to other financial aids.D.for-profit colleges have changed their enrolment policy.(3).It
34、 is implied that what Duncan has said（分数：2.00）A.has seriously annoyed for-pr0fit colleges.B.is very abusive to students.C.supports for-profit colleges.D.is very cautious and tactful.(4).Supporters of the new regulation accuse for-profit colleges of（分数：2.00）A.not helping their students pay back loans
35、.B.ignoring the moral education of their students.C.not giving their students “gainful employment. “D.actually encouraging their students to default on loans.(5).What Pauline Abernathy said in the last paragraph（分数：2.00）A.contradicts Eismans conclusion about the students.B.lends active support to th
36、e new regulations.C.disclaims the liability of for-profit colleges.D.redefines the concept of “gainful employment. “六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Supporters of abortion rights held a lunch recently in honor of a momentous victory for their cause: 40 years ago, New York became the first state to fully lega
37、lize abortion. That 1970 law began to reduce the death and injury toll from back-alley abortions and set the stage for the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision in 1973, which made abortion legal nationwide and recognized a constitutional right to privacy.But abortion-rights groups are newly anxious a
38、bout new assaults on womens reproductive rights, including a fight over abortion that snarled the last days of the health care reform debate. Anti-abortion groups are newly emboldened. Kelli Conlin, head of Naral Pro-Choice New York, told guests at the lunch that “anti-choice forces are mobilizing i
39、n every single state to limit a womans access to abortion in more insidious ways than we can imagine. “As Ms. Conlin was speaking, members of the Oklahoma House were getting ready to override vetoes of two punishing abortion measures. The states Democratic governor, Brad Henry, rightly viewed these
40、intrusions into womens lives and decision-making as unconstitutional. One of the measures, which seems destined to spawn copycat bills in other states, requires women to undergo an ultrasound before getting an abortion and further mandates that a doctor or technician set up the monitor so the woman
41、can see it and hear a detailed description of the fetus. The other law grants protection from lawsuits to doctors who deliberately withhold fetal testing results that might affect a womans decision about whether to carry her pregnancy to term.Several states have either passed or are considering bill
42、s that would ban abortion coverage in insurance plans sold through the state exchanges established by the federal health care law. A new Utah law criminalizes certain behavior by women that results in miscarriage. Embarking on a road that could lead to the Supreme Court, Nebraska last month banned m
43、ost abortions at the 20th week of pregnancy based on a questionable theory of fetal pain. About two dozen states are looking at bills to increase counseling requirements or waiting periods prior to abortions. About 20 states are considering new ultrasound requirements. “One in three women in this co
44、untry will have an abortion in her lifetime, and yet were having exactly the same discussions and debates we were having forty years ago,“ Ms. Conlin said.Anti-abortion forces aim ultimately to make abortion illegal. So far, by reducing the number of abortion providers, making insurance coverage mor
45、e expensive and harder to get, and throwing up other obstacles, they have primarily succeeded in making it harder for women of modest and meager means to obtain a safe and legal medical procedure.The painful decision to end a pregnancy should be made in private between a woman and her doctornot in p
46、olitically driven debate among members of Congress and state legislatures.（分数：10.00）(1).The Supreme Courts 1973 decision was important because（分数：2.00）A.it made anti-abortion groups launch fiercer assaults.B.it confirmed womens private rights to reproduction.C.it put the 1970 law of New York state i
47、nto wide application.D.it marked the end of the efforts by abortion-rights groups.(2).Members of the Oklahoma House were trying to（分数：2.00）A.make a similar law to that of the New York state.B.beat anti-choice forces in their mobilization.C.formulate two measures for punishing abortion.D.make matters
48、 of abortion difficult for women.(3).Utah and Nebraska are mentioned to show（分数：2.00）A.it is illegal for the two states to ban abortion coverage in insurance.B.the states have no right in criminalizing abortion or miscarriage.C.some states use subtle ways to restrict womens access to abortion.D.many
49、 laws should be made by the Supreme Court, not by state legislatures.(4).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an anti-abortion endeavor?（分数：2.00）A.Specifying the conditions under which abortion can occur.B.Reducing or banning abortion coverage in insurance plans.C.Allowing one in three women to undergo abortion.D.Raising the amount of abortion insurance coverage.(5).According to the author, the anti-abortion forces have done nothing but（分数：2.00）A.spreading peril for womens privacy and freedom.B.increasing insurance coverage for pregnant women.C.ob
