1、考研英语-538 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many countries will not allow cigarette advertising in their newspaper or on TV-especially (1) the advertisements are usually written with young people in mind. (2) advertising, the tobacco companies have begun to (3) sports eve
2、nts. They give money to football, motor racing, tennis and a number of (4) sports (5) condition that the name of the cigarette is (6) This is now (7) concern, because it does exactly (8) many ads try to do-suggest that smoking has some connection (9) being strong and athletic.In all this, the point
3、of view of the non-smokers has to be (10) as well: “3 wish smoker would stop (11) the air. I wish I could eat in a restaurant (12) having to smell cigarettes smoke.“ It has been (13) that, in a room where a large number of people are smoking, a non-smoker will breathe in the (14) of two or three cig
4、arettes during an evening. (15) , non-smokers are now majority in many western countries. More and more people are giving up the habit, discouraged by high prices, influenced by (16) advertising or just aware that smoking is no longer really a polite thing to do.Faced with lower sales, the western t
5、obacco companies have begun to look outside their own countries. They have begun advertising (17) to persuade young people in developing countries that smoking American or British or French cigarette is a sophisticated western habit, which they should copy. As a result, more and more young people ar
6、e spending (18) money they have on a product which the west recognizes (19) unhealthy and no longer wants. The high number of young smokers in India, in South America and in South East Asia will become some of tomorrows (20) .（分数：10.00）A.thatB.whenC.whereD.sinceA.In the place ofB.In place ofC.Beside
7、sD.ExceptA.promoteB.developC.sponsorD.helpA.otherB.anotherC.othersD.someA.onB.inC.withD.underA.suggestedB.claimedC.mentionedD.declaredA.causingB.makingC.givingD.settingA.thatB.whichC.asD.whatA.withB.ofC.forD.toA.believedB.thoughtC.consideredD.regardedA.damagingB.spoilingC.decayingD.destroyingA.in sp
8、ite ofB.rather thanC.because ofD.withoutA.reportedB.calculatedC.saidD.believedA.sameB.comparableC.equalD.equivalentA.HoweverB.ActuallyC.ThenD.SoA.non-smokingB.no-smokingC.anti-smokingD.against smokingA.strugglesB.fightsC.campaignsD.battlesA.the littleB.a littleC.littleD.some littleA.byB.forC.asD.wit
9、hA.difficultiesB.phenomenaC.problemsD.situations二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)According to comScore, Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors, having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008. According
10、to Alexa, the websites ranking among all websites increased from 60th to 7th in terms of worldwide traffic, from September 2006 to September 2007, and is currently 5th. Quantcast ranks the website 15th in U.S. in terms of traffic, and Compete. com ranks it 14th in U.S.The Internet phenomenon, which
11、boasts 80 million users worldwide, exploded in popularity over the past year as a convenient way for Web users to communicate and share personal details with selected groups of friends or acquaintances. But grammatical errors in the automated messages Facebook uses to personalize pronouns when membe
12、rs share information with their friends have proliferated since the site expanded from English-only into 15 new languages in recent months.And now, Facebook will press members to declare whether they are male or female, seeking to end the grammatical device that leads the site to refer to individual
13、 users as “they“ or “themself.“ “Weve gotten feedback from translators and users in other countries that translations wind up being too confusing when people have not specified a sex on their profiles,“ Facebook product manager Naomi Gleit said in a company statement.In English, when users fail to s
14、pecify what gender they are, Facebook defaults to some form of the gender neutral, plural pronoun “they.“ That option is unavailable when the plural is always masculine or feminine in other languages. “People who havent selected what sex they are frequently get defaulted to the wrong sex,“ Gleit wro
15、te.Unless the gender of the user is clear, Facebook does not know which pronoun to use to notify other members add information to the site. This common English problem is multiplied in languages where masculine and feminine distinctions are grammatically ingrained.The site will now ask users to spec
16、ify whether they are male or female on their basic member- ship profile. It will prompt existing users to define themselves. Facebook has an opt-out option for members who choose not to specify their gender or do not consider gender to be clear cut. Members can remove mention of gender from messages
17、 about their activities. “Weve received pushback in the past from groups that find the male/female distinction too limiting,“ Gleit said.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “traffic“ (Line3, Paragraph1) most probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.The number of visits to a certain website.B.The change of website rank
18、ings.C.The amount of profit a website able to generate annually.D.The trend in communication industry.(2).Which one of the following is true about Facebook?（分数：2.00）A.The websites are losing their popularity in a gradual way.B.Registered users profiles are open to anyone on the internet.C.Only frien
19、ds and acquaintances of the users have access to their profiles.D.The website is in English only since English is a universal language now.(3).From the passage, we know that Facebook is now faced with the problem that _.（分数：2.00）A.less and less people are paying visits to itB.people are cheating abo
20、ut their real gender on itC.it is difficult to tell whether an user is male or femaleD.users are using impropriate language there(4).From the passage, we know that in some other language than English, _.（分数：2.00）A.there is no difference between male and female in pronounsB.it is very rude to ask abo
21、ut the gender question on internetC.even plural form of pronouns have gender tendenciesD.the singular form and plural form is the same(5).Which one of the following is true under the new regulations of Facebook?（分数：2.00）A.The users are encouraged to include their gender information in their extended
22、 profiles.B.Only the new registrations are influenced by this new regulation.C.Users can still choose not to specify their gender.D.Everyone is welcoming this new regulation since it brings ahout clarity and convenience.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The term massage therapy (also called massage, for short
23、; massage also refers to an individual treatment session) covers a group of practices and techniques. There are over 80 types of massage therapy. In all of them, therapists press, rub, and otherwise manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body, often varying pressure and movement. They
24、most often use their hands and fingers, but may use their forearms, elbows, or feet. Typically, the intent is to relax the soft tissues, increase delivery of blood and oxygen to the massaged areas, warm them, and decrease pain.Massage therapy dates back thousands of years. References to massage have
25、 been found in ancient writings from many cultures, including those of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Japan, China, Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent. In the United States, massage therapy first became popular and was promoted for a variety of health purposes starting in the mid-1800s. In the 1930s
26、and 1940s, however, massage fell out of favor, mostly because of scientific and technological advances in medical treatments. Interest in massage revived in the 1970s, especially among athletes.More recently, a 2002 national survey on Americans use of CAM (published in 2004) found that 5 percent of
27、the 31,000 participants had used massage therapy in the preceding 12 months, and 9.3 percent had ever used it. According to recent reviews, people use massage for a wide variety of health-related intents: for example, to relieve pain ( often from musculoskeletal conditions, but from other conditions
28、 as well); rehabilitate sports injuries; reduce stress; increase relaxation; address feelings of anxiety and depression; and aid general wellness.Massage therapy appears to have few serious risks if appropriate cautions are followed. A very small number of serious injuries have been reported, and th
29、ey appear to have occurred mostly because cautions were not followed or a massage was given by a person who was not properly trained. Health care providers recommend that patients not have massage therapy before they consult their doctors about their own health conditions.Scientists are studying mas
30、sage to understand what effects massage therapy has on patients, how it has those effects, and why. Some aspects of this are better understood than others. There are many more aspects that are not yet known or well understood scientifically. More well-designed studies are needed to understand and co
31、nfirm these theories and other scientific aspects of massage.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one of the following statements about massage is NOT correct according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Many different practices and techniques can all be called massage.B.Soft tissues of the body are usually the target of mas
32、sage.C.Hands and fingers aide the only body parts that therapists use when practicing massage.D.Massage can do much more than just providing relaxation.(2).Which one of the following statements is true about the history of massage?（分数：2.00）A.It has a history of about several hundred years.B.It is on
33、ly found in ancient Asia countries like China and Japan.C.It lost its popularity after 1970s because of medical advances.D.It had twists and turns in its development in U.S.(3).In the survey mentioned in paragraph 3, we know that 9.3 percent of the participants _.（分数：2.00）A.used massage therapy in 2
34、002B.used massage therapy in 2004C.had used massage therapy at least onceD.used massage therapy in 2001(4).Paragraph 4 is mainly concerned about _.（分数：2.00）A.side effects and risks of massage therapyB.safety of massage therapyC.cautions that the therapists need to followD.the training processes of a
35、 qualified therapists(5).From the passage, we know that the study of massage _.（分数：2.00）A.have not got started yetB.needs more research on therapy practiceC.can not explain therapy practice at allD.can provide full explanations for therapy practice六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)School shootings across the
36、country continue to discuss the story of the student who is outcast by fellow peers and decides to lash out. These reports may leave some wondering if ostracism is a legitimate cause for violence. Kip Williams believes it is. Williams, a professor of psychology at Purdue University, recently came to
37、 campus to speak about the effects of being ostracized. These effects can be distressing, but they often go unnoticed, he said. “I would have rather been beaten or bullied than be ignored,“ Williams said, reflecting on what some of the participants in his experiments felt after they were left out of
38、 a game of toss. “Even two minutes of invisibility is painful,“ he said.Ostracism, the act of ignoring or excluding, is a phenomenon not only found in the adult world, according to Williams. Children play simple games which leave peers out without being taught to do so. Even animals use forms of ost
39、racism, Williams said. Lions, wolves and bees, for example, use the tactic to keep out burdensome members of their groups, which often results in death for the excluded member. Exclusion among humans can be similarly detrimental, he said.Williams conducted a computer game of toss, and showed the res
40、ults for those who did not receivethe ball. Their angry, disappointed and saddened faces showed just how important inclusion is in human interaction. In another experiment, the excluded participants had no control over loud noises entering their headphones. The result was that they chose to act out
41、against fellow participants. That lack of control is what Williams believes triggers aggression. “When control is robbed, then people dont care about how they are being liked anymore,“ Williams said. “They just want to establish control by being recognized. People are more likely to be violent in or
42、der to get that recognition,“ Williams said.His research has found that people are generally ostracized at least once a day, like the waiter who refills water glasses without notice, or the person who sits next to you on the bus without a glance. These interactions may not seem like much, but Willia
43、ms asserts that even the slightest situations in which people feel invisible can have a negative impact on them. In his studies, a total of 70 percent of people said they had been given the “silent treatment“ by their loved ones.（分数：10.00）(1).The central concept of the passage “ostracism“ most proba
44、bly refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.the problem of distressing experienced by school studentsB.the phenomenon of some students being excluded by peersC.the violence happening on campus witnessed by studentsD.the issue of some students unwilling to communicate with peers(2).Which one of the following is true
45、about ostracism?（分数：2.00）A.It is a problem only experienced by children.B.Only humans will ever have such behaviors.C.Children learn about ostracism from their parents.D.Children can learn to use ostracism by themselves.(3).From paragraph 3, we know that Williams got his research result from _.（分数：2
46、.00）A.literature reviewB.face-to-face interviewC.computer gamesD.social experiment(4).According. to Williams, the victims of ostracism tend to be _.（分数：2.00）A.caringB.carefulC.controllingD.violent(5).Which one of the following is true about the experience of ostracism?（分数：2.00）A.It is often and harm
47、ful.B.It is rare but harmful.C.It is often but harmless.D.It is rare and harmless.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“I was just like you-I thought I was invincible,“ says Adam Blomberg, standing before 400 students in a darkened auditorium at Miamis Coral Reef Senior High School. A photo of a bloodied and unc
48、onscious teenager, a breathing tube protruding from his mouth, flashes on the wall.“That was me,“ he says. Theres a collective gasp before the room grows silent and Blomberg,31, an anesthesiologist who trained at Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, begins the story of what happened one night in F
49、ebruary 1995.He created a presentation illustrating the dangers of behaving irresponsibly in a car, from not buckling up to speeding to driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. He tracked down photos of teen crash victims from the centers archives, then incorporated statistics and his own experience. He spoke the first time to a local Boy Scout troop and was soon giving his talk, “A Survivors Story,“ at high schools around the state.The Blomberg family had reason to celebrate. Adam had fully recovered and was on his way to ful
