1、考研英语-513 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical. In (1) world during the fifteenth century the term “ reading“ (2) meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did sil
2、ent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of (3) that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) (4) to others. Examination of factors related to the (5) development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks
3、 mainly because the tasks themselves changed in (6) .The last century saw a steady gradual increase in (7) and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners (8) , and thus there was some (9) in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners g
4、rew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a (10) activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would (11) distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still (12) argument over whether books should be used for inf
5、ormation or treated (13) , and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way (14) weakening. Indeed this argument still remains with us in education. (15) its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was (16) by the printed mass media on the one hand and by boo
6、ks and periodicals for a (17) readership on the other.By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, (18) not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the cen
7、tury had greatly (19) what the term “reading“ (20) .（分数：10.00）A.contemporaryB.modemC.medievalD.westernA.undoubtedlyB.reallyC.absolutelyD.accordinglyA.assumingB.consumingC.resumingD.imaginingA.interruptionB.distractionC.botherD.pressureA.historicalB.historicC.historyD.historianA.qualityB.characterC.p
8、ersonalityD.distinctivenessA.literateB.illiterateC.literacyD.literatureA.recededB.declinedC.increasedD.expandedA.limitationB.necessityC.reductionD.shrinkA.privateB.overtC.publicD.secretA.causeB.effectC.produceD.realizeA.considerableB.considerateC.moderateD.immoderateA.respectivelyB.honorablyC.respec
9、tfullyD.relativelyA.largelyB.intelligentlyC.mentallyD.physicallyA.HoweverB.WhateverC.WhicheverD.WhereverA.replacedB.takenC.followedD.distinguishedA.specificB.specialC.specifiedD.specializedA.andB.ifC.butD.orA.translatedB.differedC.shiftedD.alteredA.inferredB.advisedC.inducedD.implied二、Section Readin
10、g Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Could HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, be weakening? The results of a study conducted in Belgium, at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, seem to suggest that in one corner of the world it might be. The report, published in
11、the latest issue of AIDS, a specialist journal, concludes that HIVs ability to replicate (known technically as its virulence) may have decreased since the start of the pandemic. Kevin Aden, the lead author of the paper, stresses that the study is based on a small set of samples and does not prove th
12、at HIVs virulence is attenuating around the world. However, it does offer new insights into the evolution of the disease.Dr. Arien looked at 24 blood samples collected from untreated patients attending an HIV/ AIDS clinic in Antwerp. A dozen of these samples were taken between 1986 and 1989; the oth
13、er 12 were collected between 2002 and 2003. First, he analyzed the samples to find their viral load (the number of virus particles per cubic centimeter) and the subtype of virus involved. In Europe and North America, the predominant subtype is B; in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic is at its w
14、orst, the predominant subtype is C. Most of Dr. Ariens samples were of subtype B. Having done this analysis, he paired the samples off for a series of replicative “duels“. Each sample from the earlier series was matched with the most similar one from the later series, and they were placed in identic
15、al cell cultures to see which would multiply the most. The result was that 75% of the viruses from 2002-03 were less virulent than apparently similar counterparts from 1986-89 - a statistically significant observation.Dr. Ariens caution is sensible, at least until someone replicates the work elsewhe
16、re. But his conclusion is not necessarily surprising. Such viral attenuation, as it is known, is one way that vaccines are produced.What causes attenuation in wild viruses, though, is a matter of speculation. Dr Arien believes that in this case the attenuation could be the result of what he calls “s
17、erial genetic bottlenecks“ during transmission from host to host. These act to reduce the genetic diversity (and thus the replicative fitness) of the virus. Genetic diversity is known to be an important component of HIVs virulence. But what might cause the bottlenecks is still unclear.A second reaso
18、n for caution besides the small size of the study is, as Geoffrey Garnett, a professor of microparasite epidemiology at Imperial College, London, points out, that the ability of a virus to infect cells in a test-tube is not the same as its ability to cause disease and death in a human host. Neverthe
19、less, Dr Adens result is intriguing, and surely worth following up in a larger piece of research.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “attenuating“ (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.weakening.B.accentuating.C.accelerating.D.increasing.(2).We can learn from para. 2 that（分数：2.00）A.a dozen of blood
20、 examples were from the patients died between 1986 and 1989.B.Dr. Arien studied the blood examples to find the cause of AIDS.C.the subtype of virus involved is different due to different places.D.3/4 of the viruses appeared to be more harmful than before.(3).Which of the following is true according
21、to the text?（分数：2.00）A.In his paper, Dr. Arien proves that HIV is weakening in Europe and Africa.B.Two kinds of blood samples are placed in two different cell cultures to be observed.C.Dr. Arien has made the cause of attenuation of virus clear.D.There are 3/4 of the viruses in Dr. Ariens study provi
22、ng to be less harmful.(4).By saying “Dr. Ariens caution is sensible“ (Line 1, Paragraph 3), the author implies that（分数：2.00）A.The result of Ariens research is worth further studies.B.the result of Dr. Ariens research is not true.C.Dr. Ariens conclusion has been made by others before.D.Dr. Ariens res
23、ult is based on the small size of study.(5).Which is the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.New Method of AIDS Treatment.B.A Small Hope in HIV Research.C.AIDS Damage May Decrease Soon.D.The Special Bottlenecks to HIV Study.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite the doubts, and despite complaints from shop
24、owners, Londons congestion charge -introduced in February 2003 - has managed to ease the gridlock in the city centre. Traffic is down by 18%, jams by 30%. The schemes biggest weakness is that it is crude: drivers pay 8 ($14) to enter the zone between 7am and 6:30pm, regardless of how congested the r
25、oads are, or how long they stay.So road-pricing fans are watching trials by Transport for London (TfL) of a new detection system, called tag-and-beacon, with interest. Under such a scheme (used in Singapore and on some European roads) cars are fitted with electronic tags that are read by roadside ma
26、sts. If the trial is successful, TfL says that the city could switch to the system once the contract to run the congestion charge is re-let in 2009.Currently, cameras are used to read license plates and track motorists. They are not always reliable: an individual camera identifies only around 70% of
27、 cars. Most driven get photographed more than once, which boosts the systems effectiveness to over 95%, but that still leaves several thousand vehicles per day whose details must be laboriously checked by hand. Tag-and-beacon technology is much more accurate, with an identification rate of over 99%.
28、TfL says the trial is partly designed to see whether the new system could allow drivers to pay charges by direct debit. That would be popular with motorists, who complain that the current payment system is unfriendly: the toll for a day s travel must be paid manually - online, by phone or in a shop
29、- by midnight, with steep fines levied on forgetful drivers.More precise detection also allows for more precision in policy, and road-pricing enthusiasts see radical possibilities ahead. TfL says it is considering using the new technology to charge drivers each time they cross the zone boundary (up
30、to a daily maximum), instead of paying once for an entire days travel. That would be cheaper for drivers who make few trips into the zone, although drivers who spend a long time trundling around without leaving (thereby causing the most congestion) would get off lightly, too.Further refinements may
31、be possible. The current system has cut traffic most drastically in the middle of the day, when congestion is at its lowest. Demand for road space would better match supply if charges were variable - high at the busiest times of day and low in quiet periods.Such a time-sensitive, variable-charging s
32、cheme using a tag-and-beacon system was endorsed last year by Bob Kiley, the TfLs boss, who also said that he wanted to extend the congestion charge to other parts of London. That would be controversial, and Mr. Kileys underlings were quick to insist that his musings were not official policy. But th
33、e original scheme was controversial too, yet Ken Livingstone, Londons mayor and its biggest backer, was re-elected after introducing it. It would be a shame if timidity took hold now.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraph 1, we know that Londons congestion charge scheme（分数：2.00）A.has got much support from sho
34、p owners.B.has reduced 18% of traffic jams.C.asks $14 for entering the city center after 7pm.D.demands same charges from drivers in spite of road conditions.(2).The tag-and-beacon system（分数：2.00）A.is being tested by road-pricing fans.B.has been used on European roads.C.need cars to be equipped with
35、electronic tags.D.will be carried out in 2009.(3).The new detection technology has an identification rate of（分数：2.00）A.30%.B.over99%.C.70%.D.over 95%.(4).Which of the following statements is true about TfL?（分数：2.00）A.It will re-let the contract to run the congestion charge.B.It conducts the trim of
36、the new detection system.C.It is thinking of charging drivers once for an entire days travel.D.Its boss ever wanted to extend the congestion charge to other cities.(5).From the last paragraph, we can infer that（分数：2.00）A.Bob Kiley as TfLs boss approved the new scheme.B.Mr. Kileys underlings confirme
37、d his suggestion.C.Londons mayor disagrees Mr. Kileys idea.D.Ken Livingstone would feel shameful if he changed the scheme.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A growing number of women are rising to the top - and beginning to change the culture of the workplace.This should be a season of celebration. After all,
38、by many measures, theres never been a better time to be a woman. In places like Scandinavia and Britain, a third or more of all corporate managers are now women. The number of female executive directors of FISE 100 companies nearly doubled from 2000 to 2004. Latin America has seen a 50 percent jump
39、in the number of women politicians in the last decade. Japan voted 26 new female parliamentarians into office this year. Of course, the jewel in the equal-opportunity crown was this falls election of Angela Merkel - once nicknamed “the Girl“ by Helmut Kohl - to Germanys highest office.But as always,
40、 statistics tell a multifaceted story. Sure, its no longer an anomaly to have a female CEO - but there are still only 17 female executive directors in the largest FTSE 100 companies. In the EU Parliament, only 23 out of 162 members are female. In Britain, studies show that women have never been more
41、 dissatisfied with the workplace. No wonder: the EU pay gap between men and women shrank only one point in the last couple of years, to 17.5 percent.So where does all this leave us? With some big challenges that require more female leadership to solve. At some major companies - including Shell and B
42、ritish Telecom - women are combating the old-boys club atmosphere by starting their own networks, linking top female leaders with up-and-comers they can mentor. Labor flexibility is also on the agenda; in parts of Europe, top female legislators have fought to give employees with children or elderly
43、parents the right to ask for adjustable hours. Perhaps most important, there is an increasingly vibrant debate around work-life balance. Study after study shows that it is a working womans second full-time job - as caregiver - that makes it most difficult for her to stay on the career ladder. While
44、extra benefits and longer maternity, leave can help, they arent a complete solution.Clearly, some out-of-the-box thinking is required. And thats where women come in. In countries like Cameroon, Bolivia and Malaysia, greater numbers of women in public office have resulted in less spending on the mili
45、tary and more on health, education and infrastructure. Norways woman-heavy Parliament recently passed a law mandating that 40 percent of directors on corporate boards be women. And in Germany, the archetypal outsider - a woman who grew up on the wrong side of the Iron Curtain - will likely take the
46、helm in a country with virtually no other women in top positions of power. No longer “the Girl“ but poised to become the chancellor, Merkel is a symbol of how far women have come - and the work that remains to be done.（分数：10.00）(1).According to paragraph two, what is the most important issue of wome
47、ns achievement in politics?（分数：2.00）A.In Scandinavia and Britain, women account for more than 30% of corporate managers.B.Between 2000 and 2004, women executive directors in FTSE firms almost doubled.C.The election of Angela Merkel as one of the highest officials in Germany:D.Japan has a new group o
48、f 26 women in the parliament.(2).We can learn from the third paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.to have a female CEO is not a commonplace any longer.B.the FTSE have enough of 17 women executive directors.C.in the European Union parliament, about 20% members are women.D.womens status in workplace is not so ide
49、al though its being improved.(3).Which statement is true about the challenge faced by the female leadership?（分数：2.00）A.They are successful in combating their male partner.B.They have gained achievements in adjusting working hours.C.They must spend much time taking care of their families.D.The challenges have been saved with extra benefits and longer maternity leave.(4).By saying “some out-of-the-box thinking is required“, the author means that（分数：2.00）A.women should break the bonds of convention.B.women should be free from housework
