1、考研英语-488 及答案解析(总分：95.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The world religion is derived from the Latin noun religion, which denotes both (1) observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of (2) that reflects the enor
2、mous variety of ways the term can be (3) . At one extreme, many committed believers (4) only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer (5) to the practices of their tradition. They may (6) use vague or idealizing terms in defining religion, (7)
3、, true love of God, or the path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with (8) , fanaticism, or wishful thinking.By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life wit
4、hout making (9) about what is really is or ought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning, or (10) a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of human (11) that may intersect, incorporate, or transcend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks o
5、f (12) the investigation of religion to Western or biblical categories (13) monotheism or church structure, which are not (14) .Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be (15) to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of (1
6、6) dynamics. Religion includes not only patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes an (17) part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed (18) visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal (19) , and detailed rules
7、of some ways. There are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural (20) .（分数：10.00）(1).A. earnest B. clumsy C. naive D. frivolous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. urgency B. meaning C. condition D. sense（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. exhibited B. translated C. interpreted D. illustrated（分数：0.5
8、0）A.B.C.D.(4).A. assure B. admit C. indulge D. recognize（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. excessively B. comprehensively C. flexibly D. exclusively（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. nevertheless B. moreover C. furthermore D. accordingly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. in a sense B. as a result C. for example D. for all（分数：0.50）A
9、.B.C.D.(8).A. ignorance B. awareness C. aversion D. insistence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. wishes B. claims C. attempts D. pleas（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. barely B. hardly C. ever D. even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. institution B. attribute C. distinction D. experience（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. limiting B. faste
10、ning C. tightening D. fixing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. such as B. for instance C. in particular D. as to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. permanent B. apparent C. universal D. exceptional（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. imitated B. hound C. reduced D. exposed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. strand B. group C. class D. band（分数
11、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. dominant B. principal C. prevalent D. integral（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. in line with B. in terms of C. in regard to D. in exchange for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. ceremonies B. occasions C. associations D. formalities（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. outlooks B. circumstances C. environments
12、 D. surroundings（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is the staff of dreams and nightmares. Where Tony Blairs attempts to make Britain love the euro have fallen on deaf ears, its incarnation as notes and coins will succeed. These will
13、be used not just in the euro area but in Britain. As the British become accustomed to the euro as a cash currency, they will warm to it-paving the way for a yes note in a referendum.The idea of euro creep appeals to both sides of the euro argument. According to the pros, as Britons become familiar w
14、ith the euro, membership will start to look inevitable, so those in favor are bound to win. According to the antis, as Britons become familiar with the euro, membership will start to look inevitable, so those opposed must mobilize for the fight.Dream or nightmare, euro creep envisages the single cur
15、rency worming its way first into the British economy and then into the affections of voters. British tourists will come back from their European holidays laden with euros, which they will spend not just at airports but in high street shops. So, too, will foreign visitors. As the euro becomes a paral
16、lel currency, those who make up the current two-to-one majority will change their minds. From there, it will be a short step to decide to dispense with the pound.Nell Kinnock, a European commissioner and former leader of the Labor Party, predicts that the euro will soon become Britains second curren
17、cy. Hans Eichel, the German finance minister, also says that it will become a parallel currency in countries like Switzerland and Britain. Peter Hain, the European minister who is acting as a cheerleader for membership, says the euro will become “a practical day-to-day reality and that will enable p
18、eople to make a sensible decision about it.“ As many as a third of Britains biggest retailers, such as Marks and Spencer, have said they will take euros in some of their shops. BP has also announced that it will accept euros at some of its garages.But there is less to this than meet the eyes. Britis
19、h tourists can now withdraw money from cashpoint from European holiday destinations, so they are less likely than in the past to end up with excess foreign money. Even if they do, they generally get rid of it at the end of their holidays, says David Southwell, a spokesman for the British Retail Cons
20、ortium (BRC).（分数：10.00）(1).The writer seemsA. to be over-enthusiastic about the success of the euro.B. to launch a vigorous campaign against the euro creep.C. to take a matter-of-fact attitude towards the issue.D. to hold a hostile attitude towards euro expansions .（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Towards euros
21、 creep into British economy, the views of Neil Kinnock and David Southwell areA. homogeneous.B. similar.C. overlapping.D. opposite.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the writer intend to illustrate with Marks and Spencer?A. British affections for euro.B. The success of euro in Britain.C. Europes support
22、 for euro.D. The great influence of retailers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “cheerleader“ (Paragraph 4) can best be replaced byA. “voter.“B. “advocator.“C. “critic.“D. “prophet./（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text that in Britain euro has been acceptedA. gradually and substantially
23、.B. noticeably and spiritually.C. inevitably and sensibly.D. verbally and momentarily.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One of the enduring myths of American folklore is that Jesse James was a home-grown Robin Hood who “stole from the rich and gave to the poor“ That legend enjoyed a revived p
24、opularity in the 1960s. Supported by movies, pulp fiction, and even serious scholarship, this image has dominated our understanding of the post-Civil War James gang and other western outlaws. Historians have described James as a “primitive rebel“ who championed “a special type of peasant protest and
25、 rebellion“ against modernizing forces by robbing banks and railroads.But James himself would have considered this notion a great joke. In fact, Jamess robbers went after the express company safes just because thats where the money was. As for the Robin Hood theme, there is no evidence the James gan
26、g did anything with the cash they stole except to spend it on fine horseflesh and gambling.The key to understanding the motives of the James gangbesides greedis the Civil War, especially the vicious guerrilla combat within the larger war that plagued Missouri. Support for the Confederacy was strong
27、in the Little Dixie counties that flanked the Missouri River just east of the Kansas border. In these counties lived most of the men and boys who went into the bush as Confederate guerrillas, including Frank and Jesse James. They learned their trade under the tutelage of such psychopathic killers as
28、 “ Bloody Bill“ Anderson and William Clarke Quantrill, who murdered scores of Missouri Unionists and fought it out with Union soldiers during four years of internecine warfare.These guerrillas were anything but the poor farmers of folklore. Many of them (like James) came from families that were thre
29、e times more likely to own slaves and possessed twice as much wealth as the average Missouri family. James fought during the war against emancipation and after the war against the Republican Party that freed and enfranchised the slaves. Many of the banks and express companies struck by the James gan
30、g were owned by individuals or groups associated with the Republican Party. Like the Ku Klux Klan in former Confederate states, the James gang did its best to undermine the new order ushered in by Northern victory in the Civil War.When Democrats regained control of Missouri in the 1870s, the James g
31、ang looked for greener pastures outside the state. In August 1876, they rode all the way to Northfield, Minn. , with the aim of robbing a bank there in which a Union general was reported to have deposited large funds. When the bank cashieralso a Union veteranrefused to open the vault, James shot him
32、 in cold blood. The citizens of Northfield fought back, killing two of the bandits before they could flee the town. Jesse and Frank James got away, but this affair was the beginning of the end for Jesses career as the self-described “Napoleon of crime. /（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we can
33、 know that_.A. people all like the heroes who “stole from the rich and gave to the poor“B. before 1960 people hardly know the legend about JamesC. many peasant rebelled against modernizationD. some literary and artistic works mislead to us about James（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).James robbed express compani
34、es because_.A. there were many cash in the express companiesB. he liked horseflesh and gamblingC. he was greedy by natureD. he was hostile to the Republican Party（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).As for the guerrilla, which is the right?A. The civil war occurred in the large-scale guerrillaB. the guerrilla were
35、against the unification of the North and the SouthC. The guerrillas were made up of by the poor farmersD. The guerrillas were always robbing（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).From the passage we can infer that James_?A. was a slave ownerB. only robbed the money of the Republican PartyC. destroy the stability of t
36、he postwarD. no longer robbed in the Missouri after being controlled in the Democrats（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which is the best title of this passage?A. Recognize real James B. Crime with both fame and wealthC. From combat to crime D. The tragedy of the Civil War（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)
37、At some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago. J. B. S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he w
38、ould do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next generation.The theory of kin selectionthe idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relativesis biologys explanation for seemingly altru
39、istic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with “selfish“ genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next generations genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic b
40、ehavior might nevertheless propagate.Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on
41、 (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of selfinterest.All of these
42、 examples fit economists arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicusmaximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do vol
43、untary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage
44、 that of another. But people are now trying to find answers.When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr Fehr and his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong reciprocity“. This name is intended to distinguish it from recip
45、rocal altruism. According to Dr Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material
46、 rewards in the future.（分数：10.00）(1).The story of J. B.S. Haldane is mentioned in the textA. to honor his unusual altruistic acts.B. to show how he contributed to his offspring.C. to introduce the topic of human altruism.D. to give an episode of his calculation abilities.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Accordi
47、ng the theory of kin selection, humans tend to act altruisticallyA. for the sake of desired reproduction.B. out of self-interest.C. on the request of natural selection.D. because of kind nature.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).As pointed out in the text, “reciprocal altruism theory“ and “strong reciprocity theo
48、ry“ areA. complementary.B. contradictory.C. superficial.D. over-simplified.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The write mentioned the case of “the hunter who shares his spoils with others“(Para. 3) to demonstrateA. innate human hostility.B. his privileged status.C. apparent altruism.D. his sacrifice resources.（分数
49、：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 thatA. Human behavior is confined to the exclusive concern of psychologists.B. Economists utility is only the explanations for random acts of kindness.C. Altruism is developed during the long process of human evolution.D. Biologists can help economists explain some human behavior deviations.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population of America in 1492-new estimates of which jum
