1、考研英语-449 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Some of the concerns surrounding Turkeys application to join the European Union, to be (1) on by the EUs Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economicin particular, the countrys relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less t
2、han a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. (2) it is not far off that of Latviaone of the ten new members which (3) on May 1st 2004, and it is much the same as (4) of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded (5) talks with the EU that could make them full
3、 members on January 1st 2007.(6) , the countrys recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, stunning. GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a (7) of growth that no EU country comes close to (8) . Turkeys (9
4、) rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country (10) agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, 10 billion economic program that will help Turkey (11) inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economys resilience.Resilience has not histori
5、cally been the countrys economic strong point. (12) , throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram (13) a violent heart attack. This (14) has been one of the main reasons why the country has failed dismally to attack much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such invest
6、ment is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual (15) have scarcely ever reached 1 billion.One deterrent to foreign investors is due to (16) on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six zeros will
7、 be removed from the face value of the lira(里拉,土耳其货币单位); one unit of the local (17) will henceforth be worth what l million are nowie, about （分数：10.00）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C
8、.D.A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed
9、 tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch. And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of drugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always want to experiment with things to make them feel g
10、ood.“Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions that allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to pay extra attention to what neurologists call saliencethat is, special relevance. Threats, for example, are highly salient, which is why we
11、instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex because they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this ready-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision making skills and conditioning kick insalience in
12、overdriveto create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving. “Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction,“ says Volkow. “But because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol.“That can go for nonchemical
13、addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, may start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-specific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obese people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hype
14、ractivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuliincluding the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the floodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, though.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict.
15、Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can evaluate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly how that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive four-week rehabilitation program. Those who were
16、 more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the program were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to adjust to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using analytical areas of the brain while performing de
17、cision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there were reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can override impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in the relapsers an effect rather than a cause of
18、the chemical abusebut the fact that the cognitive deficit existed in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict: who would relapse within a year simply by examini
19、ng the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the brains reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are looking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the compound. The hope is that if you can reduce th
20、e effect of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signal, you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use of drugs（分数：2.00）A.is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B.makes it hard for people to drive safely under its influence.C.has
21、 to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D.is understandable behavior because it dates back long ago.(2).According to the text, anyone may be addicted to drugs if they（分数：2.00）A.are born with a predisposition to addiction.B.use certain chemicals long and frequently enough.C.have suffi
22、cient drugs or alcohol to use.D.create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable craving.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example of（分数：2.00）A.pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B.obese people with brain hyperactivity.C.those who cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D.those wh
23、o might also be addicted to gambling.(4).Paulus could accurately predict the relapsers because（分数：2.00）A.the part of their brain controlling cognitive skills is less active.B.a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective enough.C.he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any br
24、ain damage.D.something innate to their brains prompt them to use drugs.(5).We can infer from the passage that we may cure addiction by（分数：2.00）A.scanning of brain as often as possible.B.consciously practicing cognitive skills.C.going through intensive rehabilitation programs.D.making the neurotransm
25、itter less sensitive.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Good looks ,the video-games industry is discovering ,will get you only so far. The graphics on a modern game may far outstrip the pixellated blobs of the 1980s, but there is more to a good game than eye candy. Photo-realistic graphics make the lack of aut
26、henticity of other aspects of gameplay more apparent. It is not enough for game characters to look bettertheir behaviour must also be more sophisticated, say researchers working at the interface between gaming and artificial intelligence(AI).Today s games may look better, but the gameplay is “ basic
27、ally the same“ as it was a few years ago, says Michael Mateas, the founder of the Experimental Game Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. AI, he suggests, offers an“ untapped frontier“ of new possibilities. “We are topping out on the graphics, so whats going to be the next thing that improves
28、game-play?“ asks John Laird, director of the AI lab at the University of Michigan. Improved AI is a big part of the answer, he says. Those in the industry agree. The high-definition graphics possible on next-generation games consoles, such as Microsoft s Xbox 360, are raising expectations across the
29、 board, says Neil Young of Electronic Arts, the world s biggest games publisher. “You have to have high-resolution models, which requires high-resolution animation,“ he says,“ so now I expect high-resolution behaviour.“Representatives from industry and academia will converge in Marina del Rey, Calif
30、ornia, later this month for the second annual Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment(AIIDE) conference. The aim, says Dr Laird, who will chair the event, is to increase the traffic of people and ideas between the two spheres. “Games have been very important to AI through the y
31、ears,“ he notes. Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of computing in the 1940s, wrote a simple chess-playing program before there were any computers to run it on; he also proposed the Turing test, a question-and-answer game that is a yardstick for machine intelligence. Even so, AI research and video ga
32、mes existed in separate worlds until recently. The AI techniques used in games were very simplistic from an academic perspective, says Dr. Mateas, while AI researchers were, in turn, clueless about modern games. But, he says, “ both sides are learning, and are now much closer.“Consider, for example,
33、 the software that controls an enemy in a first-person shooter (FPS)a game in which the player views the world along the barrel of a gun. The behaviour of enemies used to be pre-scripted: wait until the player is nearby, pop up from behind a box, fire weapon, and then roll and hide behind another bo
34、x, for example. But some games now use far more advanced“ planning systems“ imported from academia. “Instead of scripts and hand-coded behaviour, the AI monsters in an FPS can reason from first principles, “says Dr. Mateas. They can, for example, work out whether the player can see them or not, seek
35、 out cover when injured, and so on. “Rather than just moving between predefined spots, the characters in a war game can dynamically shift, depending on what s happening,“ says Fiona Sperry of Electronic Arts.If the industry is borrowing ideas from academia, the opposite is also true. Commercial game
36、s such as“ Unreal Tournament“, which can be easily modified or scripted, are being adopted as research tools in universities, says Dr. Laird. Such tools provide flexible environments for experiments, and also mean that students end up with transferable skills.But the greatest potential lies in combi
37、ning research with game development, argues Dr. Mateas. “Only by wrestling with real content are the technical problems revealed, and only by wrestling with technology does it give you insight into what new kinds of content are possible, “he says.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, good video-ga
38、mes used to be judged in terms of（分数：2.00）A.how sophisticated the behaviors of the characters are.B.how good-looking the characters seem to be.C.how sophisticated the artificial intelligence is.D.how much authenticity is displayed in the characters.(2).The last sentence“ so now I expect high-resolut
39、ion behavior“ in the second paragraph most probably means（分数：2.00）A.the gameplay should be improved in the future.B.the behavior of game-designers should be refined.C.the definition of characters in games should be more accurate.D.the expectations of gameplayers will be raised across the board.(3).T
40、he main purpose of the AIIDE conference is to（分数：2.00）A.increase communication between the eastern and western spheres.B.garantee the traffic of the gameplayers and the innovation of ideas.C.cooperate to make more money from the computer game industry.D.tap the commercial and academic use of AI thro
41、ugh further communication.(4).The example of FPS is used in the passage to（分数：2.00）A.show how software controls an enemy behavior in a shooter game.B.show how advanced technology can help improve the quality of games.C.stress the importance of first principles in designing excellent games.D.point ou
42、t that the characters in a war game should shift dynamically.(5).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Commercial games can be easily adopted as research tools in colleges.B.College students can also benefit by playing high-resolution games.C.Further communication between the two circles
43、may result in mutual benefit.D.Wresting with real content and technology will provide more solutions.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Halfway through“ The Rebel Sell,“ the authors pause to make fun of“ free-range“ chicken. Paying over the odds to ensure that dinner was not, in a previous life, confined to ti
44、ny cages is all well and good. But“ a free-range chicken is about as plausible as a sun-loving earth-worm“: given a choice, chickens prefer to curl up in a nice dark corner of the barn. Only about 15% of“ free-range“ chickens actually use the space available to them.This is just one case in which Jo
45、seph Heath, who teaches philosophy at the University of Toronto, and Andrew Potter, a journalist and researcher based in Montreal, find fault with well-meaning but, in their view, ultimately naive consumers who hope to distance themselves from consumerism by buying their shoes from Mother Jones maga
46、zine instead of Nike. Mr Heath and Mr Potter argue that“ the counterculture,“ in all its attempts to be subversive, has done nothing more than create new segments of the market, and thus ends up feeding the very monster of consumerism and conformity it hopes to destroy. In the process, they cover Ma
47、rx, Freud, the experiments on obedience of Stanley Milgram, the films“ Pleasantville“,“ The Matrix“ and “American Beauty“, 15th-century table manners, Norman Mailer, the Unabomber, real-estate prices in central Toronto (more than once), the voluntary-simplicity movement and the worlds funniest joke.
48、Why range so widely? The authors beef is with a very small group: left-wing activists who eschew smaller, potentially useful campaigns in favor of grand statements about the hopelessness of consumer culture and the dangers of“ selling out“. Instead of encouraging useful activities, such as pushing f
49、or new legislation, would-be leftists are left to participate in unstructured, pointless demonstrations against“ globalization, or buy fair-trade coffee and flee-range chicken, which only substitutes snobbery for activism. Two authors of books that railed against brands, Naomi Klein (“No Logo“) and Alissa Quart(“Branded“), come in for special derision for diagnosing the problems of consumerism but refusing to offer practical solutions.Anticipating criticism, perhaps, Messrs Heath and Potter make sure to put forth a few of their own solutions, such as th
