1、考研英语-43 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Elderly people respond best to a calm and unhurried environment. This is not always easy to provide U U 1 /U /Utheir behavior can sometimes be U U 2 /U /U. If they get excited or upset they may become more U U 3 /U /Uand more difficu
2、lt to look after.U U 4 /U /Usometimes it can be extremely difficult, it is U U 5 /U /Uto be patient and not to get upset yourself. You should always U U 6 /U /Uold people to do as much as possible for themselves but be ready to U U 7 /U /Ua helping hand when necessary.Failing U U 8 /U /Umakes it dif
3、ficult for the person to recall all the U U 9 /U /Ukinds of information we take for granted. The obvious way to help is to supply the U U 10 /U /Uinformation and help them U U 11 /U /Uwhat is going on. You must use every opportunity to provide information but remember to keep it U U 12 /U /U“Good mo
4、rning Mum, this is Fiona, your daughter. It is eight oclock, so if you get up now, we can have breakfast downstairs.“When the elderly person makes confused U U 13 /U /Ue.g. about going out to his or her old employment or visiting a(n) U U 14 /U /Urelative, correct in a calm matter-of-fact U U 15 /U
5、/U: “You dont work in the office any more. You are retired now. Will you come and help me U U 16 /U /Uthe dishes?“We U U 17 /U /Uthe information provided by signposts, clocks, calendars and newspapers. These U U 18 /U /Uus to direct our behavior. Confused old people need these aids all the time to U
6、 U 19 /U /Ufor their poor memory. Encourage them to use remainder boards or diaries for important coming events and U U 20 /U /Uthe contents of different cupboards and drawers. Many other aids such as information cards, old photos, scrap books, addresses or shopping lists could help in individual ca
7、ses.（分数：10.00）(1). A. if B. as C. even D. unless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2). A. annoyed B. incomprehensible C. irritating D. incredible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3). A. confused B. disappointed C. frustrated D. puzzled（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4). A. Because B. Although C. And D. However（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5). A. comfortable
8、 B. efficient C. reliable D. best（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6). A. persuade B. suggest C. encourage D. teach（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7). A. try B. take C. put D. lend（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8). A. mechanism B. memory C. function D. tissue（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9). A. basic B. preliminary C. complementary D. necessary（分数：0.50）
9、A.B.C.D.(10). A. fundamental B. optional C. important D. missing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11). A. take care of B. make sense of C. get rid of D. take advantage of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12). A. straightforward B. outgoing C. open D. correct（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13). A. sayings B. expressions C. words D. statements（分数
10、：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14). A. remote B. dead C. new D. aged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15). A. style B. tune C. intonation D. fashion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16). A. with B. to C. off D. for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17). A. believe in B. rely on C. pick up D. put away（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18). A. assure B. bring C. confine D. assist（分
11、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19). A. respond B. remedy C. compensate D. recall（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20). A. assort B. label C. collect D. classify（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)This is an approach to quality improvement based on the statistical wo
12、rk of Joseph Juran, one of two American pioneers of quality management in Japan. Sigma is a Greek letter used in mathematics to denote standard deviation, a statistical measure of the extent to which a series of numbers or readings deviates from its mean. One Sigma indicates a wide scattering of the
13、 readings. If the mean is the required quality standard of a particular process or product, then One Sigma quality is not very good. The higher the number, the closer the readings come to total perfection. At the Six Sigma level, there are only 3.4 defects per million.This may sound complicated, but
14、 in practice it has proved a popular way for managers to put quality management into effect. One of its great advantages is that it avoids the idea of aiming for “zero defects“, or total perfection-a frighteningly inaccessible goal for most. It presents a system for improving quality gradually. Comp
15、anies or operational groups move step-by-step up the Sigma ladder, the ultimate goal being to reach the Six Sigma state-still just short of perfection. Reasonably unsophisticated computer programs do the necessary calculations when fed with data on the goals (the specifications of the perfect produc
16、t or process) and the organizations actual achievements.Six Sigma sounds like some sort of secret coven. Its advocates insist that it is no such thing. But it has certain attributes of the exclusive society. Anyone in an organization who goes on a basic training course for a Six Sigma program is cal
17、led a Green Belt. Anyone who is given the full-time job of leading a team that is embarking on a Six Sigma exercise is given further training and is called a Black Belt. Beyond this there are a special few who are trained even more, and they are called Master Black Belts. Their role is to champion t
18、he exercise throughout the organization and to watch over the Black Belts and ensure that Uthey/U are consistently improving the quality of their teams output.Pioneered in the United States by Motorola in the 1980s, Six Sigma became hugely popular in the 1990s after Jack Welch adopted it at General
19、Electric.To achieve Six Sigma quality at GE, a process must produce no more than 3.4 defects per million “opportunities“. An opportunity is defined as “a chance for non-conformance, or not meeting the required specifications“. The company says: “Six Sigma has changed the DNA of GE. It is now the way
20、 we work-in everything we do and in every product we design“.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that A. Joseph Juran came up with Six Sigma based on his statistical work. B. Six Sigma is an approach to improving quality to total perfection. C. mathematicians and statistical experts ma
21、ster Six Sigma best. D. Six Sigma quality is relatively better than Four Sigma quality.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We can learn from the first two paragraphs that Six Sigma A. is more a mathematical and statistical measure than a managerial method. B. indicates the quality of the product or process is clos
22、est to total perfection. C. pursues not total perfection but a gradual process of quality enhancement. D. is not only a mean approach but also a complex and inaccessible goal.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).People regard Six Sigma as a kind of secret coven in that it A. is a strict and mysterious organization.
23、 B. does not grant membership to outsiders. C. has some features of a secret society. D. has a rigid but orderly training system.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The underlined word “they“ in Paragraph 3 refers to A. the Green Belts. B. the Black Belts. C. the Master Black Belts. D. the team leaders.（分数：2.00）A.
24、B.C.D.(5).By saying “Six Sigma has changed the DNA of GE“, the company most probably means Six Sigma A. has earned huge popularity for GE. B. has enabled GE to improve its quality. C. has transformed the operation mode of GE. D. has reformed the structure and organization of GE.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BT
25、ext 2/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Advice to would-be culture warriors in the 21st century: walk softly and carry a big thesaurus-a dictionary of classified synonyms. According to the conventional wisdom, the culture wars are over in Washington-or, at the very least, reduced to minor disputes. Buoyed by the sup
26、port of centrist, socially conservative Christians, the Obama administration has ushered in a new era of conciliation. Ideological opponents-especially those on either side of the abortion issue-are now trying to establish common ground. A first order of business is “abortion reduction,“ a seemingly
27、 non-controversial and praiseworthy goal. By agreeing that abortion is a complex moral issue and that it should be less frequent, former enemies can work together to find ways to reduce abortions.Beneath all the optimism though, tensions continue to boil, and it can seem that differences between the
28、 old culture wars and the new ones are merely differences in tone and tactics, not in ideology. In previous eras, warriors fought with rhetorical arguments; now they use new semantic weapons so sharp they could split a hair. On both sides, people say they want abortion reduction. But listen carefull
29、y to how they say it. On the left, the so-called common ground advocates talk about reducing the need for abortion, while on the right, folks talk about reducing the number of abortions. The way you talk about your desire for common ground, it turns out, signals whose side youre actually on. The lef
30、t wants to reduce demand for abortion; the right wants to reduce supply.Inside the Beltway, these seemingly invisible semantic differences have big policy implications, for the inevitable question arises: how do folks intend to reduce abortions? Two bills currently in Congress point to the deep, ide
31、ological differences that continue to linger. The Pregnant Women Support Act, favored mostly by pro-life groups, provides financial support especially for poor and younger mothers who want to carry their pregnancies to term. The Prevention First Act, favored mostly by pro-choice groups, funds contra
32、ception (the practice of preventing a woman from becoming pregnant when she has sex) and comprehensive sex education especially to poor and younger women.The conversation about “abortion reduction“ then, is not really about abortion but about other hot-button issues: birth control, premarital sex, t
33、een sex and sex education.Outside the Beltway, who really cares? According to an ABC News/Washington Post poll from August 2008, 54 percent of Americans support legal abortion in all or most cases-exactly the same percentage as a decade ago. Its hard to imagine anyone arguing with the basic premise:
34、 in an ideal world, fewer American women would seek abortions. How our government achieves that end matters; how activists talk about achieving it matters not at all.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraph, we can learn that A. abortion reduction is approached in a different way. B. culture wars are
35、over in the new era of conciliation. C. former enemies cooperate to address a technical issue. D. abortion controversies are less frequent than before.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The first sentence in paragraph 2 denotes that A. its the way of expression that has not changed during culture wars. B. the dif
36、ference between the old culture wars and the new ones is ambiguous. C. both the new culture wars and the old ones share the same essence. D. the new cultural wars are breaking the grounds of the old ones.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The difference of the two sides in the new culture war is characterized as
37、A. ideological. B. rhetorical. C. semantic. D. psychological.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).On which of the following statements would pro-choice groups most probably agree? A. Sex education is an essential part of abortion reduction. B. Poor mothers are expected to follow contraception practices. C. Young mo
38、thers should protect their rights of pregnancy. D. Premarital sex must be outlawed to control birth rate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that A. abortion is about to be specified as illegal in America. B. the means of achieving the goal of less abortions is more impor
39、tant. C. more and more Americans will support legal abortion in most cases. D. the way of discussion determines whether the ideal will be achieved or not.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun-and it might not even be necessa
40、ry. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was youn
41、g simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Thre
42、e more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old-equivalent to about 70 human years. The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associate
43、d with things like inflammation and free radical production-probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefite
44、d from 70 percent of these gene changes. “This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,“ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres
45、attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,“ he says. If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be eno
46、ugh to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,“ he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that.“ Spindler hopes we soon wont nee
47、d to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true, according to the first paragraph? A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer. B. ff we go on a diet when old, we may not keep healthy. C. Dieting is necessary if you want to live a long life. D. We might have to begin dieting from an early age.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).An elderly mouse is mentioned to A. describe the influence of old age on mice. B. illustrate the effect of a meager diet on mi
