1、考研英语-417 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To produce the upheaval (激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The (1) of a half-dozen leaders in education prov
2、ided the personal force that was needed. (2) , an outcry (呐喊) for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction (3) among the alumni (校友) and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode (压倒) all (4) opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale“ movem
3、ent appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more (5) spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously (6) to relieve the colleges poverty and demand new (7) . Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by (8) off church leadership everywhere
4、, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new (9) of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing (10) in the citadel (城堡) of Harvard College, (11) Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the (12) forc
5、es. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliots (13) They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the (14) and the development of the (15) system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of profession
6、al training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering (培养) of greater (16) in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 18721877. (17) the appointment of a clean (院长) to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of (18) , the undergradu
7、ates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and (19) as young animals. One new course of study after another was (20) science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.（分数：10.00）A.uproarB.thresholdC.emergencyD.emergenceA.H
8、oweverB.MoreoverC.ThereafterD.IndeedA.arousedB.aroseC.rousedD.incurredA.conservativeB.conventionalC.radicalD.profoundA.flexibleB.liberalC.literateD.literaryA.ralliedB.assembledC.gatheredD.summonedA.resourceB.orientationC.reserveD.enterpriseA.puttingB.takingC.growingD.lettingA.pointB.meaningC.commitm
9、entD.senseA.blowB.crackC.strikeD.strokeA.whenB.whereC.whichD.thatA.drasticB.massiveC.extremeD.progressiveA.administrationB.manipulationC.regulationD.institutionA.subjectB.courseC.curriculumD.syllabusA.electiveB.selectiveC.subjectiveD.objectiveA.diversityB.maturityC.seniorityD.versatilityA.ByB.WithC.
10、UponD.AtA.penaltyB.codeC.virtueD.disciplineA.littleB.lessC.muchD.evenA.opened upB.set downC.brought upD.laid down二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A field is simply a social system of relations between individuals or institutions who are competing for
11、the same stake. An example of a field may be higher education, colleges, and universities. Habitus is a set of potential dispositions, an internalized set of taken-for-granted rules that govern strategies, and social practices that individuals in some respects carry with them into any field. There i
12、s a system of unspoken rules and generally unspeakable rules. They are unspeakable because it is understood that it would be rude or socially punishable to try to talk about those rules. Or, in some cases individuals within a habitus cannot even articulate those arbitrary rules because they are unaw
13、are of them. That is, these rules may feel so natural and normalized that they seem as though they are the way things should be and always have been. An example of an unspeakable rule might be that a person should never discuss class privilege, as opposed to hard work, as contributing to the success
14、 of an individual when talking about the accomplishments of the middle class within a middle-class field. However, within a working-class field of manual laborers, this may not be a forbidden topic of discussion.Judith Butler outlined a feminist theory of embodied practice in identity formation. She
15、 stated that our sense of identities is formed through repeated daily and everyday constrained and emancipatory performative practices through our bodies. Through the process of repeated performances, ways of being in the world become sedimented, that is layered and accumulated to the extent that th
16、ese practices become a part of who we are and how we perceive ourselves to be in the world. Butlers insights about performativity, the body, and identity are particularly informative of working-class identity formations that are literally embodied within the physical capacity to do manual labor.Butl
17、ers notion of performative identity gives me insight into my own identity development and the discomforts and constraints I have felt within academia, where the mind is privileged over the body in ways that almost obliterate the body. At the same time, the ideology of mind over body seems hypocritic
18、al when one examines the class distinctions made through the embedded middle-class practices, in short, the habitus, of the majority of university professors. Many first-generation college students in my classes, especially those who are from working-class backgrounds, report shock, dismay, and ange
19、r at the level of classism and racism that exists among faculty, whom they assumed to be educated and to value egalitarian principles. Many students express their frustration at not knowing the habitus of the middle class, yet feel its exclusionary, embodied power. They express even more frustration
20、 that the middle class also seems unaware of its own unspoken rules and habitus. Though they can start a conversation about race, they dont know how to talk about class in a meaningful way, one that helps their fellow students to understand the naturalized class distinctions within our culture. Clas
21、s is Americas dirty little secret.（分数：10.00）(1).A habitus is different from a field in that it（分数：2.00）A.is a more modern concept about social class.B.refers to the underlying rules in a social system.C.has a more ambiguous reference than a field.D.assumes a great significance within social relation
22、s.(2).Some people arent even aware of the habitus because（分数：2.00）A.they are socialized in it ever since their birth.B.they are not allowed to talk about it openly.C.it takes the most insightful mind to recognize it.D.it is only true of the working-class field.(3).According to Judith Butler, our ide
23、ntity is shaped by（分数：2.00）A.our family background.B.our physical capacity.C.the social discourse.D.routine performances.(4).In the academia people talk about class（分数：2.00）A.as if there were no class distinction.B.only when speaking to poor students.C.when faculty members become victimized by it.D.
24、when dealing with mind-body relations.(5).The authors attitude toward Judith Butlers theory is one of（分数：2.00）A.suspicion.B.contempt.C.consent.D.defense.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitu
25、tional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special-interest groups, and opinion leaders.Wealthy people tend to think differently on social is
26、sues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full-time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes ones view of current events.The
27、 mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to “follow the headlines. “ Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform t
28、hemselves and to express opinions.The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of public issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany,
29、 for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Todays elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt a
30、nd his “fireside chats,“ presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs.Special-interest groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclea
31、r power plants. Opposed to them were citizens organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of Medicare.Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public fi
32、gures as politicians, show-business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media.
33、By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.（分数：10.00）(1).The second paragraph is mainly about（分数：2.00）A.the influence of gender on peoples view.B.the influence of peoples status on their view.C.the influence of livi
34、ng standard on peoples view.D.the influence of different ranks on peoples view.(2).The expression “follow the headlines“ shows（分数：2.00）A.people seldom have time to read newspaper articles.B.people think the headlines contain the most important information.C.people often get their opinions from newsp
35、apers or television.D.most people look on newspapers or TV as misleading.(3).Which of the following is true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.TV programs have a strong influence on governmental policy.B.Chats on televisions are chief means for running for presidency.C.More and more people show int
36、erest in politics because of TV.D.Before the use of TV, people showed little interest in politics.(4).It is obvious that the opinion of famous people（分数：2.00）A.is often ignored by the public.B.is seldom expressed to the point.C.is often imposed on the public.D.has a strong influence on people.(5).Th
37、e passage is mainly about（分数：2.00）A.the forces that influence peoples opinions.B.the freedom of speech in a democratic society.C.the necessity to uphold ones own opinion on an issue.D.the techniques of talking to a large audience via the mass media.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a provocative new book T
38、he Beauty Bias, Deborah Rhode, a Stanford law professor who proposes a legal regime in which discrimination on the basis of looks is as serious as discrimination based on gender or race, lays out the case for an America in which appearance discrimination is no longer allowed.Rhode is at her most per
39、suasive when arguing that in America, discrimination against unattractive women and short men is as pernicious and widespread as bias based on race, sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and disability. Rhode cites research to prove her point: 11 percent of surveyed couples say they would abort a fetus pre
40、disposed toward obesity. College students tell surveyors theyd rather have a spouse who is an embezzler, drug user, or a shoplifter than one who is obese. The less attractive you are in America, the more likely you are to receive a longer prison sentence, a lower damage award, a lower salary, and po
41、orer performance reviews. You are less likely to be married and more likely to be poor.And all of this is compounded by a virtually unregulated beauty and diet industry and soaring rates of elective cosmetic surgery. Rhode reminds us how Hillary Clinton and Sonia Sotomayor were savaged by the media
42、for their looks, and says its no surprise that Sarah Palin paid her makeup artist more than any member of her staff in her run for the vice presidency.Critics such as Andrew Sullivan claim that if we legally ban appearance discrimination, the next step will be legal protection of “the short, the ski
43、nny, the bald, the knobbly kneed, the flat-chested and the stupid. “ But Rhode points out that there are already laws against appearance discrimination on the books in Michigan and six other locales. This hasnt resulted in an explosion of frivolous suits, she notes. In each jurisdiction the new laws
44、 have generated between zero and nine cases annually.Of course the problem with making appearance discrimination illegal is that Americans just really, really like hot girls. And so long as being a hot girl is deemed a bona fide occupational qualification, there will be cocktail waitresses fired for
45、 gaining three pounds. Its not just American men who like things this way. In the most troubling chapter in her book, Rhode explores the feminist movements complicated relationship to eternal youth. The truth is that women feel good about competing in beauty pageants. They love six-inch heels. They
46、feel beautiful after cosmetic surgery. You cant succeed in public life if you look old in America.This doesnt mean we shouldnt work toward eradicating discrimination based on appearance. But it may mean recognizing that the law wont stop us from discriminating against the overweight, the aging, and
47、the imperfect, so long as its the quality we all hate most in ourselves.（分数：10.00）(1).Rhode tries to argue that appearance discrimination（分数：2.00）A.should be dealt with in a separate law.B.should not affect a persons choice of a spouse.C.is very harmful and rampant in social life.D.should be prohibi
48、ted in work places.(2).The examples of Hilary and Sonia show that（分数：2.00）A.how they look affect their public life.B.the public vote for them for how they look.C.they have become victims to the beauty industry.D.politicians cannot afford to offend the media.(3).We can infer from Paragraph 4 that law
49、s against appearance discrimination（分数：2.00）A.are actually nothing new in Rhodes proposal.B.are not effective enough in Michigan and other places.C.will come into effect nationally in a very short time.D.are expected by Sullivan to incur many frivolous lawsuits.(4).We can conclude from the last two paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.making appearance discrimination laws in America is almost impossible.B.changing our mindset is as important as making appearance discrimination laws.C.appearance discrimination laws cannot stop us from hating ourselves.D.Rhode cannot rec
