1、考研英语-411 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As we enter the 21st century, a new global economy draws nations ever closer. But our growing interdependence (1) on much more than technology and trade. For we are linked intrinsically (本质地) by the physical and biological webs
2、that (2) life on our planet and, increasingly, by the threat of their unraveling (散开). Indeed, (3) we reach across borders and face this threat together, the next century may (4) an Earth in ecological crisis, with half of all (5) gone, and our grandchildren enduring deadly floods, drought and disea
3、se (6) by global warming.When millions across America (7) the first Earth Day 30 years ago, our focus understandably was our own backyard. Our rivers were (8) on fire, and our skylines were disappearing behind a (9) of smog. Americas remarkable environmental progress in the years (10) is powerful te
4、stament (证明) to our national will, our technological prowess (超凡技术) and our (11) in a better future. Protecting the environment is today a bedrock (基本的) American value, (12) important to us as safe neighborhoods and good schools. Whats more, three decades of experience have (13) the naysayers (反对的人)
5、 wrong. Tending to the environment has not (14) our economy. (15) , our air and water are the cleanest they have been in a generation, even as we enjoy the longest economic (16) in our nations history.Americas responsibility now, as we mark the first Earth Day of a new millennium (一千年), is to bring
6、these lessons to bear against new, more (17) environmental challenges. We must look well (18) our own cities and countryside, make environment a core foreign policy (19) and provide the leadership needed to put all nations on a cleaner, more sustainable path to (20) .（分数：10.00）A.hingesB.decidesC.liv
7、esD.revolvesA.retainB.containC.reviveD.sustainA.ifB.unlessC.whetherD.whereasA.occur toB.impact onC.spring fromD.dawn onA.speciesB.specimensC.creaturesD.beingsA.resulted fromB.given offC.turned upD.brought onA.rememberedB.cheeredC.celebratedD.proclaimedA.settingB.catchingC.puttingD.goingA.trailB.mask
8、C.filmD.veilA.sinceB.betweenC.fromD.latelyA.loyaltyB.faithC.prospectD.anticipationA.tooB.ratherC.asD.justA.provedB.demonstratedC.manifestedD.verifiedA.affectedB.effectedC.diminishedD.weakenedA.In allB.In briefC.In other wordsD.In factA.inflationB.expansionC.provisionD.performanceA.profoundB.turbulen
9、tC.tentativeD.prominentA.forwardB.overC.beyondD.acrossA.idealB.designC.objectiveD.ambitionA.prosperityB.priorityC.liabilityD.welfare二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)You really do have to wonder whether a few years from now well look back at the first
10、decade of the 21st centurywhen food prices spiked, energy prices soared, world population surged, tornados plowed through cities, floods and droughts set records, populations were displaced and governments were threatened by the confluence of it alland ask ourselves. What were we thinking? How did w
11、e not panic when the evidence was so obvious that wed crossed some growth, climate, natural resource and population redlines all at once? “The only answer can be denial,“ argues Paul Gilding, an Australian environmentalist, in a new book called The Great Disruption. “When you are surrounded by somet
12、hing so big that requires you to change everything about the way you think and see the world, then denial is the natural response. But the longer we wait, the bigger the response required.“Gilding cites the work of the Global Footprint Network, an alliance of scientists, which calculates how many “p
13、lanet Earths“ we need to sustain our current growth rates. G. F. N. measures how much land and water area we need to produce the resources we consume and absorb our waste, using prevailing technology. On the whole, says G. F. N. , we are currently growing at a rate that is using up the Earths resour
14、ces far faster than they can be sustainably replenished, so we are eating into the future.This is not science fiction. This is what happens when our system of growth and the system of nature hit the wall at once. We are now using so many resources and putting out so much waste into the Earth that we
15、 have reached some kind of limit, given current technologies. The economy is going to have to get smaller in terms of physical impact.We will not change systems, though, without a crisis. But dont worry, were getting there. Were currently caught in two loops: One is that more population growth and m
16、ore global warming together are pushing up food prices, causing political instability in the Middle East, which leads to higher oil prices, thus to higher food prices and more instability. At the same time, improved productivity means fewer people are needed in every factory to produce more stuff. S
17、o if we want to have more jobs, we need more factories. More factories making more stuff make more global warming, and that is where the two loops meet.But Gilding is actually an eco-optimist. As the impact o the imminent Great Disruption hits us, he says, “our response will be proportionally dramat
18、ic, mobilizing as we do in war. We will change at a scale and speed we can barely imagine today, completely transforming our economy, including our energy and transport industries, in just a few short decades. “ We will realize, he predicts, that the consumer-driven growth model is broken and we hav
19、e to move to a more happiness-driven growth model, based on people working less and owning less.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Paul Gilding, faced with disastrous evidence, people would（分数：2.00）A.be frightened into rethinking the ways we treat the earth.B.refuse to admit the follies committed by human b
20、eings.C.set a redline for population growth and the exploration of nature.D.come up with a response required to cope with the worsening situation.(2).The G. F.N. scientists（分数：2.00）A.have overstated the sustainability of the earth.B.are ignorant of the serious situation the earth faces.C.are overcon
21、fident about the role of current technology.D.issue a warning message about the sustainability of the earth.(3).The author agrees with Gilding that（分数：2.00）A.both growth and tapping of nature have reached their limits.B.one way of breaking the loops is making better use of the technology.C.the curre
22、nt situation is not as bad as the G. F. N. scientists state it.D.improved productivity will eventually help raise the employment rate.(4).To correct the situation, Gilding advocates（分数：2.00）A.stabilizing the political and economic situation.B.learning useful lessons from wartime mobilization.C.keepi
23、ng economic growth at a sustainable rate.D.making better use of current technologies.(5).It can be inferred that the happiness-driven growth model is characterized by（分数：2.00）A.higher economic productivity.B.slower economic growth.C.less dramatic political change.D.constant technological innovations
24、.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A huge population of red fire ants has bedeviled Texas farmers for years. By some estimates the insectscost state businesses close to $1 billion a year due to crop and machinery destruction. Killing the ants and their nests has not proven easy.Texas AM researchers have disco
25、vered that the phorid fly from South America will lay eggs on the red fire ants and the maggots which are hatched eat away at the ants brains, eventually causing their heads to fall off. Someone at the university was willing to underwrite the work to solve a problem. That investment was almost certa
26、inly much less than the $1 billion a year that fire ants cost businesses in the state.A recession does not stop advancements in technology. It just makes companies so frightened of risk that they choose not to make the investment in the red fire ant projects.In the last week, the two most successful
27、 technology companies in the world, IBM and Google have announced major new products. IBM released “stream computing“ applications that allow businesses to look at and analyze huge amounts of data in real time. The most important product of Google allows the companys customers to take very large amo
28、unts of search data and organize it into spreadsheets. These are developments that will probably help the firms take business away from their competitors.The shares of Google and IBM have handily outperformed those of all the other large tech companies based in the U. S. such as Hewlett Packard (HPQ
29、), Microsoft (MSFT), Cisco (CSCO), and Oracle (ORCL). Each of the companies is blessed with substantial earnings and technology staffs in the tens of thousands. But the firms are not all viewed the same, at least by investors who trade tens of millions of their shares each day.In most ways, IBM and
30、Google are not like one another at all. IBM makes its money selling expensive hardware, client services, and software to companies, most of which are very large, and to governments. Google has millions of customers who pay nothing to use its services. It has millions of advertisers who spend money t
31、o reach people who look at search results and most of these marketers are very small.What the companies do have in common is a willingness to take risks, probably risks with long odds in order to launch new products. These products may be failures, but they are well enough researched and designed th
32、at they have a good chance of keeping IBM and Google ahead of the competition even if that does not immediately involve significant new revenue.The red fire ant problem never goes away. Unsolved problems in every industry cost companies money. Sometimes companies do not even know that their problems
33、 can be solved. The phorid fly is an obscure species. So is software that can analyze huge amounts of data in real time.（分数：10.00）(1).The red fire ant problem remains unsolved because（分数：2.00）A.there have been enough phorid flies to eat away the ants brains.B.there isnt enough investment put into th
34、e red ant projects.C.the solution to the problem is too difficult to be cost-effective.D.red fire ants cause damage not only to crops but also to machinery.(2).The author asserts that the new products of IBM and Google will（分数：2.00）A.allow their customers to search for large amounts of data.B.give t
35、hemselves a competitive edge.C.make their customers more competitive.D.offer a solution to the fire ant problem.(3).It is implied that Hewlett Packard and other big companies（分数：2.00）A.are brought to the edge of bankruptcy for lack of new products.B.do not earn enough revenue for investing in new te
36、chnology.C.do not employ as many technology staffs as IBM and Google.D.are not as actively innovative as IMB and Google are.(4).In what way is IBM like Google?（分数：2.00）A.They sell client excellent services to earn money.B.Their customers are mostly large-size companies.C.They are willing to invest i
37、n new technology.D.They never launch new products which may fail.(5).The text is written to answer the question（分数：2.00）A.“Why are Google and IBM ahead of the competition?“B.“How can new pesticides be found to help Texas farmers?“C.“How is agricultural technology related to the Web technology?“D.“Wh
38、at can Google and IBM do to solve the red fire ant problems?“六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and airline industries all have undergone radical changes in recent years. Pharmaceutical companies, which once sold drugs to the doctors that dispensed them, switched to the
39、solution-selling method and started dealing with health-care companies. And many major airlines consolidated at the same time that low-cost firms like Jet Blue entered the market.In each of these industries, the game changed, and with new rules came new ways to win. That is the premise of Harvard Bu
40、siness Schools “Changing the Game. Negotiation and Competitive Decision Making.“ The program, which covers not only deal-making but also topics as diverse as online auctions and strategic partnerships, “is for companies that are going through fundamental change in the way things are done,“ says Max
41、Bazerman, program chair and professor of business administration at the school.This is not a program for novices, says Bazerman; most participants have already attended a general negotiation program. In “Changing the Game,“ participants learn to understand their thought processes regarding negotiati
42、on, to compare rational and intuitive decision-making strategies, and to identify common mistakes made by even the most experienced professionals. By focusing on competitive environments, the program draws on some of the most advanced concepts from the emerging areas of behavioral economics, behavio
43、ral decision research, and behavioral finance.Participants engage in simulated negotiations that highlight the tension between creating and assessing value, and learn how to think about both simultaneously. The soup-to-nuts simulations encompass preparation, team building, negotiating, and feedback,
44、 as well as the development of a conceptual structure for thinking about negotiations more rationally. Participants then apply that structure in their critiques of several large-scale negotiation cases. Ultimately participants apply their newly-honed analytic skills to their own companies and critiq
45、ue of past negotiations.Negotiations can take many forms, of course. Bazerman notes that auctions are becoming increasingly common. Thanks to a renewed focus on driving clown costs, auctions have emerged as a valuable way for buyers to exert maximum leverage (although the course offers advice to sel
46、lers as well). Here again, coursework focuses both on analysis of case studies and on simulations that give participants a chance to roll up their sleeves and put themselves to the test.“Maxs approach is more pragmatic than other programs Ive taken,“ says Gerry Dully, senior vice president of global
47、 marketing and logistics at Methanex, a producer of methanol based in Vancouver. “Looking at my prior experience, I could see what mistakes I made, and Im more conscious of them now. The course had a profound impact on how Ive modified my behavior in negotiating situations. /（分数：10.00）(1).The author
48、 cites the pharmaceutical industry to show that（分数：2.00）A.such an industry should be brought under stricter supervision.B.the solution-selling method is superior to the traditional method.C.it is not developing as fast as the airline industry.D.new ways of transaction accompany changes in the indust
49、ry.(2).What is the focus of Harvard Business Schools training program?（分数：2.00）A.Online auctions.B.Strategic partnership.C.Business management.D.Negotiation.(3).The word “novice“ (first sentence, Para. 3) probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.a person with no previous experience.B.an ordinary employee in a company.C.a specific strategy for business negotiation.D.a professional negotiator for a company.(4).The “Changing the Game“ program emphasizes（分数：2.00）A.the training of practical skills.B.theory as well as practical skills.C.decision-making capabilities.D.negotiation in o
