1、考研英语-383 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Vienna was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. As the (1) of the Holy Roman Empire (which included parts of present-day Austria, Germany, Italy,
2、 Hungary, Czech and Slovakia), it was a (2) cultural and commercial center (3) a cosmopolitan character. Its population of almost 250,000 (in 1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe. All three (4) masters were born elsewhere, but they were (5) to Vienna to study and to seek (6) . In Vien
3、na, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each others musical (7) . Beethoven traveled to Vienna at sixteen to play for Mozart; at twenty-two, he returned to study with Haydn.Aristocrats from all over the Empire spent the winter in Vienna, sometimes bringing their private (8) . Music
4、was an important part of court life, and a good orchestra was a (9) of prestige. Many of the nobility were excellent musicians.Much music was heard in (10) concerts where aristocrats and wealthy commoners played (11) professional musicians. Mozart and Beethoven often earned money by performing in th
5、ese intimate concerts. The nobility (12) hired servants who could (13) as musicians. An advertisement in the Vienna Gazette of 1789 (14) : “ Wanted, for a house of the gentry, a manservant who knows how to play the violin well. “In Vienna there was also (15) music, light and popular in (16) . Small
6、street bands of wind and string players played at garden parties or under the windows of people (17) to throw (18) money. Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment (19) , (20) they called divertimentos or serenades. Viennas great love of music and its enthusiastic demand for new works made i
7、t the chosen city of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.（分数：10.00）A.seatB.settingC.settlementD.sittingA.romanticB.bustlingC.integratedD.antiqueA.ofB.byC.withinD.withA.greatB.brilliantC.uniqueD.classicalA.drawnB.pulledC.chosenD.drewA.admissionB.acknowledgementC.recognitionD.appraisalA.styleB.genreC.themeD.e
8、motionA.theatreB.orchestraC.courtD.troupeA.symbolB.signC.sightD.signalA.famousB.popularC.privateD.personalA.alongB.alongsideC.amongD.betweenA.likelyB.presumablyC.frequentlyD.considerablyA.doubleB.bothC.eitherD.neitherA.saysB.writesC.readsD.appearsA.publicB.folkC.bardD.outdoorA.tuneB.toneC.voiceD.hue
9、A.surelyB.likelyC.preferD.referA.offB.awayC.aboutD.downA.musicB.melodyC.piecesD.seriesA.whatB.whichC.thatD.where二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded i
10、n innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology h
11、olds a unique position among the sciences.“ Intuitive “ knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior whereas in the physical sciences such common sense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our worl
12、d, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal rel
13、ations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “ know “ how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us: we would still “ know “ when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “ why
14、s “ of much of the selfs behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler in referring to th
15、e lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “ people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology. “Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive, commonsense capaci
16、ty to grasp human relations, the science of human relations had been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved t
17、o read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predic
18、tions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following claims of the passage supp
19、orts the authors argument that “ psychology holds a unique position among the sciences “ (Line 4-5, Para.1)?（分数：2.00）A.The study of common sense in the physical sciences is relatively advanced.B.The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.C.Psychology plays an important role in modem
20、 science and technology.D.Intuitive understanding of human behaviors can be clear and precise.(2).According to the passage, which of the following could be safely drawn about the people who lived before the coming of scientific psychology?（分数：2.00）A.They think much of investigating of interpersonal
21、relationship.B.Knowledge of the physical science was not very attractive for them.C.They pay much attention to correctly handle human relationship.D.Their intuitions about human relations were reasonably sophisticated.(3).The author suggests that common sense knowledge of human relations is_.（分数：2.0
22、0）A.usually biased due to the fact that it is based on myths and folktalesB.generally accurate enough to facilitate interactions with each otherC.equally well developed among every adult within a given societyD.typically unrelated to an individuals interactions with other people(4).The author uses E
23、cclesiastes and Freud(Line 4, Para. 3)as examples in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.find a satisfactory explanation to the human relations in their booksB.show the growing tendency to ignore scientific explanations of human relationsC.challenge the first analysis on the underdevelopment of the science of huma
24、n relationsD.prove the unwillingness of people to abandon the pleasing fantasy in their mind(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Intuition couldnt explain the motive of ones behavior.B.Scientific psychology seems to be the most advanced subject.C.The scientific meth
25、od is difficult to apply to psychology.D.Some believe that the obvious deserves no scientific study.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite decades of scientific research, no one yet knows how much damage human activity is doing to the environment. Humans are thought to be responsible for a whole host of en
26、vironmental problems, ranging from global warning to ozone depletion. What is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect humans are having on the animal and plant life of the planet.Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct every year. If this carries on, the impact on all living c
27、reatures is likely to be profound, says Dr. Nick Middleton, a geographer at Oxford University. “ All species depend in some way on each other to survive. And the danger is that, if you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on e
28、ffects of other extinctions. “Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem. Unlike global warning and ozone depletionwhich, if the political will was there, could be reduced by cutting gas emissionspreserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem.The late
29、st idea is “ sustainable management “ , which is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. This means humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant for their benefit, provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued
30、existence.For instance, instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against poaching, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. In Zimbabwe, there is a sustainable management project elephants. Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for
31、 sport. This money is then given to the inhabitants of the area where the hunting takes place. In theory, locals will be encouraged to protect elephants, instead of poaching themor allowing others to poach thembecause of the economic benefit involved.This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it rema
32、ins to be seen whether it will work. With corruption endemic in many developing countries, some observers are skeptical that the money will actually reach the people it is intended forOthers wonder how effective the locals will be at stopping poachers.There are also questions about whether sustainab
33、le management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great-bio-diversity such as the worlds tropical forests. In theory, the principle should be the same as with elephantsallow logging companies to cut down a certain number of trees, but not so many as to completely destroy the forest.Sus
34、tainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. But because almost all tropical forests are located in countries which desperately need revenue from logging, there are few regulations to do this. Moreover, unrestric
35、ted logging is so much more profitable that wood prices from managed forests would cost up to five times morean increase that consumers, no matter how “ green “ , are unlikely to pay. For these reasons, sustainable management of tropical forests is unlikely to become widespread in the near future. T
36、his is disheartening news. Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth. In one study of a five-square-kilometer area of rain forest in Peru, for instance, scientists counted 1,300 species of butterfly and 600 species of bird. In the ent
37、ire continental United States, only 400 species of butterfly and 700 species of bird have been recorded.Scientist Professor Norman Myers sees this situation as a gigantic “ experiment were conducting with our planet “ . “ We dont know what the outcome will be. If we make a mess of it, we cant move t
38、o another planetIts a case of one planet, one experiment. /（分数：10.00）(1).What damage do we know for sure is human activity doing to the environment?（分数：2.00）A.Global warming and ozone depletion.B.Species extinction and corruptionC.Sustainable management.D.A gigantic experiment were conducting with E
39、arth.(2).What is an effective way to preserve biodiversity?（分数：2.00）A.Reduction of the impact of species extinction on others.B.Sustainable management of the worlds tropical forests.C.Encouragement of political will to reduce gas emission.D.No effective way has been found yet.(3).What is NOT true ab
40、out the idea of sustainable management?（分数：2.00）A.It bans any form of hunting and logging to protect plants and animals.B.It allows humans to cut plants and kill animals for economic benefits.C.It ensures the survival of each species by leaving enough individuals alive.D.It encourages humans to prot
41、ect species from extinction for economic gain.(4).What factors might NOT affect the practicality of sustainable management?（分数：2.00）A.Whether there is corruption in the government.B.Whether there are corresponding regulations.C.Whether produced goods have attractive prices.D.Whether people are aware
42、 of the danger that the earth will be destroyed.(5).Why is sustainable management of tropical forests unlikely to be used in the near future?（分数：2.00）A.Because tropical forests contain a majority of animal and plant species on Earth.B.Because we have to wait until the experiment in Peru and the U. S
43、. is finished.C.Because we have no idea about its effect, and if it fails, our planet will be destroyed.D.Because besides tropical forests, other areas such as the U. S. also have biodiversity.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If you are anything like me, you left the theater after Sex and the City 2 and thou
44、ght, there ought to be a law against a looks-based culture in which the only way for 40-year-old actresses to be compensated like 40-year-old actors is to have them look and dress like the teenage daughters of 40-year-old actors.Meet Deborah Rhode, a Stanford law professor who proposes a legal regim
45、e in which discrimination on the basis of looks is as serious as discrimination based on gender or race. In a provocative new book, The Beauty Bias, Rhode lays out the case for an America in which appearance discrimination is no longer allowedThat means Hooters cant fire its servers for being too he
46、avy, as allegedly happened last month to a waitress in Michigan who says she received nothing but excellent reviews but weighed 132 pounds.Rhode is at her most persuasive when arguing that in America, discrimination against unattractive women and short men is as pernicious and widespread as bias bas
47、ed on race, sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and disability. Rhode cites research to prove her point: 11 percent of surveyed couples say they would abort a fetus predisposed toward obesity. College students tell surveyors theyd rather have a spouse who is an embezzler, drug user, or a shoplifter than
48、one who is obese.And all of this is compounded by a virtually unregulated beauty and diet industry and soaring rates of elective cosmetic surgery. Rhode reminds us how Hillary Clinton and Sonia Sotomayor were savaged by the media for their looks, and says its no surprise that Sarah Palin paid her ma
49、keup artist more than any member of her staff in her run for the vice presidency.And the problem with making appearance discrimination illegal is that Americans just really, really like hot girls. And so long as being a hot girl is deemed a bona fide occupational qualification, there will be cocktail waitresses fired for gaining three pounds. Its not just American men who like things this way. The truth is that women feel good about competing in beauty pageants. To put it another way, appearance bias is a massive societal problem with tangible economi
