1、考研英语-341 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The International Whaling Commissions (IWC) decision to retain its ban on whaling does not mean that the killings will stop. Quite the (1) .Save the Whale. Its a phrase which became annoying with (2) , an unfavorable shorthand f
2、or liberal consciences. How appalling, then, that in the year 2010, it should be pressed (3) service again, to fight the whaling nations: Norway and Iceland, who exempted themselves from the 1986 prohibition (4) by the IWC, and Japan, which hunts whales under cover of “ (5) research“.I am completely
3、 (6) by this weeks events in Morocco, where talks broke down. In my heart, I agree with those who have (7) the news that this years negotiations of the IWC have broken up, and (8) the prohibition would not be lifted (as the US proposed in a desperate (9) to break the deadlock). Yet reason (10) somet
4、hing else. If we do not (11) some kind of new control, the (12) will be able to go on with their slaughter (13) . Membership of the IWC is (14) , and the ban was only ever intended to be (15) . Japan, which has been buying the votes of nations with no interest in whaling (only in the 16 Japan offers
5、 in turn), will continue to press its case, having invested millions of dollars in its (17) . Geoffrey Palmer, New Zealands Commissioner at the IWC, has proposed a year-long (18) period. In the meantime, more whales will die.We stand at a crossroad for whales. We see the (19) existence of these anim
6、als as an indicator of ecological threat. As symbols of an endangered world, they evoke, and provoke, a feeling that they have the same qualities as human on a scale equal to their size and supposed (20) . To some this is so much sentimental words in the New Age.（分数：10.00）A.conditionB.situationC.rev
7、erseD.contrastA.overuseB.concernC.attentionD.stressA.toB.forC.intoD.ofA.supportedB.institutedC.limitedD.abandonedA.relevantB.advancedC.systematicD.scientificA.convincedB.surprisedC.movedD.tornA.embracedB.criticizedC.receivedD.declinedA.whichB.whetherC.thatD.whyA.positionB.attemptC.needD.moodA.report
8、sB.predictsC.advisesD.saysA.exertB.carryC.punishD.refuseA.organizationsB.commissionersC.whalersD.membersA.unsustainedB.unrestrainedC.uncertifiedD.unconfirmedA.voluntaryB.honorableC.popularD.reliableA.accountableB.obligatoryC.indefiniteD.temporaryA.adviceB.aidC.guideD.lessonA.experimentB.trialC.campa
9、ignD.slaughterA.turning offB.lifting offC.shutting offD.cooling offA.abundantB.fragileC.subtleD.affluentA.intelligenceB.performanceC.actionD.emotion二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its obvious that humans are fundamentally different from other animal
10、species. Its not so easy, though, to identify the traits that make human beings so special. Scientists realized long ago that other animals make tools, play jokes and even have a sense of justice and altruismall things we once thought were unique to our species.Now a paper in the journal Current Bio
11、logy has added another behavior to the list of what other animals share with usand this one isnt quite so charming. After years of field observations in Ugandas Kibale National Park, John Mitani of the University of Michigan and several colleagues have concluded that chimps wage war to conquer new t
12、erritory.“We already knew that chimps kill each other,“ says Mitani. “Weve known this for a long time.“ What scientists didnt know for certain, at least in cases in which groups of chimps banded together to kill others, was why. One hypothesis, advanced more than a decade ago by anthropologist Richa
13、rd Wrangham, was the idea of territorial conquest; circumstantial evidence from both Gombe and Mahale national parks in Tanzania bolstered the theory.In Mahale, for example, male members of one group mysteriously vanished, and another group then expanded into what had been their land. In Gombe, an e
14、xisting group dissolved into civil war, resulting in killings and land takeovers.Whats especially chilling about the observation is that the murder rate appears to be so high. The anthropologists couldnt be certain of how big a band the victims belonged to because they werent used to a human presenc
15、e and thus couldnt be accurately counted. But even a conservative estimate suggests that the death rate is significantly higher than you would see in war between human hunter-gatherer groups.Mitani isnt oblivious to the lesson some people might draw from the study. “Invariably, some will take this a
16、s evidence that the roots of aggression run very deep,“ he says, and therefore conclude that war is our evolutionary destiny. “Even if that were true,“ says Mitani, “we operate by a moral code that chimps dont have.“Apart from that, he points out, the Pan troglodytes chimps he studies are one of two
17、 subspecies. The other is called Pan paniscus, also known as bonobos, and, says Mitani, “the latter, as far as we know, arent nearly as aggressive with respect to intergroup relations. Yet theyre equally close to us.“ That means that if were wired for warfare, were wired for peace too. Ultimately, t
18、he route we choose is still up to us.（分数：10.00）(1).John Mitani concludes that chimps_.（分数：2.00）A.are hard to approach under some circumstancesB.tend to be aggressive against others on some occasionsC.have many similar traits as human beingsD.may kill each other for some reasons unknown(2).The word “
19、bolstered“ (Line 5, Paragraph 3) has the closest meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.heldB.challengedC.proposedD.confirmed(3).What problem did the anthropologists meet in studying the chimps?（分数：2.00）A.They have no clue as to why chimps grouped to fight.B.There is not enough evidence to prove Wranghams hypothesi
20、s.C.They cant confirm the number of the chimps involved in the war.D.Theres not enough people to participate in the field observation.(4).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Mankind has moral restraints concerning fighting wars.B.Aggressive behaviors among c
21、himps are due to genetic factors.C.Human beings are worrying about choosing between peace and war.D.Some chimps are much milder in temper than human beings.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Chimps Going to War TooB.Higher Death Rate among ChimpsC.Differences
22、between subspecies of ChimpsD.Traits Unique to Human Beings五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)This years Sumantra Ghoshal Conference, held at London Business School, debated whether strategy research has become irrelevant to the practice of management. The late Mr Ghoshal published a paper in 2005 scolding bus
23、iness schools for pouring “bad theory“ on their students. That same year Warren Bennis and James OToole, both at the University of Southern California, published an article in the Harvard Business Review criticising MBA programmes for paying too much attention to “scientific“ research and not enough
24、 to what current and future managers actually needed. Business schools, they argued, would be better off acting more like their professional counterparts, such as medical or law schools, nurturing skilled practitioners as well as frequent publishers.However, business school professors have a tendenc
25、y not to change. Since universities take journal rankings into account when awarding tenure, academics are rewarded more when they publish in research journals. (Popular media rankings of MBA programmes, although not The Economists, also take research output into account.)In 2008 the Association to
26、Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) took up the debate, publishing a report on making business research more useful. It suggested that tenure committees become more flexible. A scholar dedicated to popularising management ideas, for example, should be evaluated on book sales and attention
27、 from the news media, not on articles in research journals. This would allow faculty to reach out to wider audiences, rather than be, as Messrs Bennis and OToole put it, “damned as popularisers“.But that might also risk granting tenure on the basis of trendy but ultimately unhelpful ideas. In any ca
28、se, some argue that the relevance of business research is understated. Jan Williams, vice chair of AACSB, argues that doing research allows faculty members to stay at the forefront of their subject, and that in turn improves their teaching. “We cant teach students outdated material,“ he says.What is
29、 more, a paper in Academy of Management Learning access to frontier research comes afterwards. As Messrs Bennis and OToole put it: “Business professors too often forget that executive decision-makers are not fact-collectors; they are fact users and integrators.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first pa
30、ragraph, Bennis and OToole complained about_.（分数：2.00）A.business schools publishing papersB.irrelevant management in business schoolsC.too much efforts directed to researchD.MBA programmes misleading students(2).The ranking of MBA programmes is mentioned in brackets in order to_.（分数：2.00）A.name a pa
31、rticular ranking including the application factorB.provide a supporting argument for the importance of research outputC.explain why universities expect journal papers from professorsD.show another way for professors to get permanent teaching positions(3).AACSB suggested that_.（分数：2.00）A.professors s
32、hould not pay heed to scientific researchB.a more reasonable evaluating system be established to judge professorsC.scholars should entertain a large audience if they want to be successfulD.a flexible evaluating way be created to put scientific research into application(4).It can be inferred from the
33、 passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.the best schools in the popular media rankings guarantee graduates high salaryB.doing research may help students to be better paid laterC.professors should be evaluated on the basis of popularityD.Jan Williams may not agree with AACSB on the issue about doing research(5).Ac
34、cording to the author, after entering a business school a student should first_.（分数：2.00）A.learn to process incoming information effectivelyB.contribute to the reputation of his schoolC.find a professor who is popular in his research fieldD.help teachers with their research六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In
35、 an age of perpetual digital connectedness, why do people seem so disconnected? In a Duke University study, researchers found that from 1985 to 2004, the percentage of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25%; the same study found that overall, Amer
36、icans had one-third fewer friends and confidants than they did two decades ago.Another recent study, by researchers at the University of Michigan, found that college students today have significantly less empathy than students of generations past did. The reason, psychologists speculate, may have so
37、mething to do with our increasing reliance on digital communication and other forms of new media.Its possible that instead of fostering real friendships off-line, e-mail and social networking may take the place of themand the distance inherent in screen-only interactions may breed feelings of isolat
38、ion or a tendency to care less about other people. After all, if you dont feel like dealing with a friends problem online, all you have to do is log off.The problem is, as empathy wanes, so does trust. And without trust, you cant have a cohesive society. Consider the findings of a new study co-autho
39、red by Kevin Rockmann of George Mason University and Gregory Northcraft at the University of Illinois who specializes in workplace collaboration. Northcraft says high-tech communications like e-mail and (to a lesser extent) videoconferencingwhich are sometimes known as “lean communication“ because t
40、hey have fewer cues like eye contact and posture for people to rely onstrip away the personal interaction needed to breed trust. In a business settingas in all other social relationships outside the workplacetrust is a necessary condition for effective cooperation within a group. “Technology has mad
41、e us much more efficient but much less effective,“ said Northcraft in a statement. “Something is being gained, but something is being lost. The something gained is time, and the something lost is the quality of relationships. And quality of relationships matters.“In Rockmann and Northcrafts study, 2
42、00 students were divided into teams and asked to manage two complicated projects: one having to do with nuclear disarmament; the other, price fixing. Some groups communicated via e-mail, some via videoconference and others face to face. In the end, those who met in person showed the most trust and m
43、ost effective cooperation; those using e-mail were the least able to work together and get the job done.Northcraft thinks this is because real-life meetings, during which participants can see how engaged their colleagues are, breed more trust. Over e-mail, meanwhile, confirmation of hard work gets l
44、ost, which tends to encourage mutual slacking off.（分数：10.00）(1).The study of interpersonal relations by Duke University reveals that_.（分数：2.00）A.people become too introverted to talk about personal mattersB.people tend not to be empatheticC.people may feel more isolated than they did beforeD.people
45、prefer online communication with others(2).We learn from Paragraph 2 that nowadays college students_.（分数：2.00）A.can hardly find real friendship in their daily lifeB.are more skillful at using new forms of mediaC.realize the disadvantage of digital communicationD.are less able to understand others fe
46、elings(3).One reason why people may have feelings of isolation is that_.（分数：2.00）A.they care less about each other in their real lifeB.they have more chances to meet new friendsC.there exists an physical or psychological distance among e-friendsD.they have more opportunities to deal with their probl
47、ems(4).The expression “lean communication“ (Lines 5-6, Paragraph 4) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.the communication which can make us work effectivelyB.the communication that lacks personal interactionC.the communication which can foster trustD.the communication facilitating workplace cooperation(
48、5).Which of the following could best summarize the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Digital communication is hurting personal relationship.B.Online networking may take the place of offline relationship.C.New media contribute less to fostering real friendship.D.Real-life meetings can breed trust among students.七、T
49、ext 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Malthusian fears that population growth will outstrip food supplies have been widely discounted as food production has kept well ahead of growing human numbers in the last half century. While population doubled, food supply tripled, and life expectancy increased from 46 in the 1950s to around 65 today. But more recently, some experts have once again been sounding the alarm about a possible food crisis.The reason lies in the combined impact of many factors including clim
