1、考研英语-336 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It (1) its attention upon those. physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which (2) one community from all others that b
2、elong to a different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies (3) our own. For its purposes any social (4) of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own. To the anthropologist our customs and those of
3、a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for (5) a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is (6) to avoid any weighting of one (7) the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradit
4、ion (8) He is interested in a wide (9) of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and (10) , the different forms through which they express themselves and the (11) in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of th
5、e (12) .Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a (13) of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely (14) of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. (15) , it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a ma
6、ss of detailed behavior more astonishing than (16) any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather (17) aspect of the matter. The fact (18) first rate importance is the predominant role that custom (19) in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may (20) （分数
7、：10.00）A.paysB.revolvesC.fastensD.drawsA.distinguishB.prohibitC.dispelD.exemptA.ofB.fromC.forD.thanA.regulationB.executionC.prosecutionD.dispositionA.meditating onB.imposing onC.tangling withD.dealing withA.acknowledgedB.authorizedC.boundD.creditedA.in favor ofB.instead ofC.rather thanD.in contrast
8、withA.howeverB.thoughC.whatsoeverD.indeedA.optionB.spanC.prototypeD.rangeA.deviateB.fluctuateC.differentiateD.segregateA.mannerB.meansC.caseD.contextA.personnelB.localityC.nativesD.individualsA.subjectB.objectC.objectiveD.subjectiveA.worthB.worthwhileC.worthyD.rewardingA.As a matter of factB.On the
9、wholeC.In generalD.On the other handA.thatB.whyC.howD.whatA.vulgarB.loftyC.grimD.trivialA.inB.ofC.atD.toA.functionsB.playsC.makesD.leadsA.manifestB.illustrateC.revealD.indicate二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)This weekend marks 25 years since the publ
10、ication of the U.S. Department of Educations explosive report “A Nation at Risk. “ Its powerful indictment of American education launched the largest education-reform movement in the nations history, paving the way for strategies as different as charter schools and the federal No Child Left Behind (
11、NCLB) Act. But even after a vast political and financial investment spanning two and a half decades, were far from achieving the reports ambitious aims.Weve learned a lot about school reform in 25 years, lessons that suggest that it is possible, eventually, to achieve “A Nation at Risks“ ambitious a
12、ims. Weve learned that a lot of public schools require incentives to lift their sights for their students. The nations long tradition of letting local school boards set standards isnt going to get us where we need to go educationally. If anything, NCLBs requirement of statewide standards needs to be
13、 taken to its logical conclusionrigorous national standards. Make them voluntary. Give states and school systems different ways of measuring their progress against the standards by sanctioning a number of different national examination boards. And reward educators for meeting the new standards (NCLB
14、 only punishes schools for not meeting state standards, which encourages states to keep standards low because they dont want a lot of their schools labeled as failures).But improvement cant merely be imposed on schools from the outside. Schools are complex social enterprises; their success depends o
15、n thousands of daily personal interactions. They are, in the end, only asgood as the people in them and the culture in which those people work. So its crucial to get everyone in a school community invested in a schools mission. Ownership is key. That comes from giving schools autonomyin staffing, bu
16、dgeting and instruction. From giving families a chance to choose their public schools. And from school leadership that promotes a strong sense of school identity and clear expectations of success. Reform has to come from the inside-out as well as the outside-in. Theres a human side of school reform
17、that we ignore at our peril.But if achieving “A Nation at Risks“ vision is becoming increasingly difficult, the alternative is really no alternative. The American economy hasnt collapsed in the absence of public-school reform because its success is driven mainly by the small segment of the workforce
18、 that is highly educated. But the plight of the middle class that the reform reports of the 1980s warned about has worsened as the wage gap between high-school graduates and the college-educated has widened, creating an increasingly two-tiered societyand an ever-greater need to arm every American wi
19、th the high-quality education that “A Nation at Risk“ envisioned.（分数：10.00）(1).The U. S. Department of Educations report（分数：2.00）A.restated the long-term goals for American education.B.was released and made into the much acclaimed NCLB Act.C.directed its criticism at the then educational system.D.ac
20、cused American education of wasting federal funding.(2).One of the reform measures of NCLB is to（分数：2.00）A.entitle states to set their own education standards.B.entitle the Department of Education to set national standards.C.make statewide standards voluntary rather than compulsory.D.allow local sch
21、ool boards to set standards to suit student needs.(3).NCLB might fail its ambitious goals if（分数：2.00）A.states were allowed to set standards for their students.B.too strong a case were made for formulating national standards.C.national examination boards were sanctioned to measure school progress.D.t
22、he standards set by states were too low to ensure progress.(4).The third paragraph suggests that（分数：2.00）A.it is important for every parent to make financial investment in schools.B.giving school enough autonomy can help to realize NCLBs goals.C.stronger leadership in the local school boards is vita
23、l to the reform.D.NCLBs goals are too ambitious for public schools to realize.(5).The author suggests that the aims of the education reform（分数：2.00）A.should and can be realized.B.are too ambitious for public schools.C.have actually widened the gap between schools.D.cannot provide the much-desired hi
24、gh-quality education.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Conservatism, George Will told me when I interviewed him many years ago, was rooted in reality. It started not from an imagined society but from the world as it actually exists. But conservatives now champion ideas drawn from abstract principles with litt
25、le regard to the realities of Americas present or past. This is a tragedy, because conservatism has an important role to play in modernizing the U. S.Consider the debates over the economy. The Republican prescription is to cut taxes and slash government spending, but what is the evidence that tax cu
26、ts are the best path to revive the U. S. economy? Taxes as a percentage of GDP are at their lowest level since 1950. The U. S. is among the lowest taxed of the big industrial economies. So the case that America is grinding to a halt because of high taxation is not based on facts but is simply a theo
27、retical assertion. The rich countries that are in the best shape right now, with strong growth and low unemployment, are ones like Germany and Denmark, neither one characterized by low taxes.In fact, right now any discussion of government involvement in the economyeven to build vital infrastructurei
28、s impossible because it is a cardinal tenet of the new conservatism that such involvement is always and forever bad. Meanwhile, across the globe, from Singapore to South Korea to Germany to Canada, evidence abounds that some strategic actions by the government can act as catalysts for free-market gr
29、owth. Of course, American history suggests that as well. In the 1950s, 60s and 70s, the U.S. government made massive investments in science and technology, in state universities and in infant industries. Those investments triggered two generations of economic growth and put the U. S. on top of the w
30、orld of technology and innovation.But that history has been forgotten. When considering health care, for example, Republicans confidently assert that their ideas will lower costs, when we simply do not have much evidence for this. What we do know is that of the worlds richest countries, the U.S. has
31、 by far the greatest involvement of free markets and the private sector in health care. It also consumes the largest share of GDP, with no significant gains in health on any measurable outcome. We need more market mechanisms to cut medical costs, but Republicans dont bother to study existing health
32、care systems anywhere else in the world. “I know it works in practice,“ the old saw goes, “but does it work in theory?“Conservatives used to be the ones with heads firmly based in reality. Their reforms were powerful because they used the market, streamlined government and empowered individuals. We
33、need conservative ideas to modernize the U. S. economy and reform American government. But what we have instead are policies that dont reform but just cut and starve governmenta strategy that pays little attention to history or best practices from around the world and is based instead on a theory.（分
34、数：10.00）(1).The Republican proposal to cut taxes（分数：2.00）A.will send America on its way to economic recovery.B.is based on a reasonable theoretical assertion.C.will play an important role in modernizing America.D.indicates that conservatives have lost touch with reality.(2).That heavier taxes burden
35、 the American economy（分数：2.00）A.is widely acknowledged in America.B.is an idea ridiculed by conservatives.C.is based on false abstract principles.D.is an idea shared by European economists.(3).The author is clearly in favor of（分数：2.00）A.government intervention in economy.B.massive investments in vit
36、al infrastructure.C.heavier taxation of the rich population.D.a theoretical foundation for government policies.(4).It is implied that the American health care system（分数：2.00）A.requires more government involvement.B.requires more private investment.C.has caused the shrinking of GDP.D.works only in pr
37、actice but not in theory.(5).The conservative policies used to work because they（分数：2.00）A.were based on sound economic theories.B.catered to individual preferences.C.were deeply rooted in reality and practice.D.reformed the government by starving it.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many states have gone on
38、prison-building sprees, yet the penal system is choked to bursting. To ease the pressure, nearly all convicted felons are released earlyor not locked up at all. “About three of every four convicted criminals,“ says John DiIulio, a noted Princeton criminologist, “are on the streets without meaningful
39、 probation or parole supervision. “ And while everyone knows that amateur thugs should be deterred before they become career criminals, it is almost unheard-of for judges to send first-or second-time offenders to prison.Meanwhile, the price of keeping criminals in cages is appallinga common estimate
40、 is $30,000 per inmate per year. (To be sure, the cost to society of turning many inmates loose would be even higher. ) For tens of thousands of convicts, prison is a graduate school of criminal studies: They emerge more ruthless and savvy than when they entered. And for many offenders, there is eve
41、n a certain cachet to doing timea stint in prison becomes a sign of manhood, a status symbol.But there would be no cachet in chaining a criminal to an outdoor post and flogging him. If young punks were horsewhipped in public after their first conviction, fewer of them would harden into lifelong felo
42、ns. A humiliating and painful paddling can be applied to the rear end of a crook for a lot less than $ 30,000and prove a lot more educational than 10 years worth of prison meals and lockdowns.Are we quite certain the Puritans have nothing to teach us about dealing with criminals?Of course, their cri
43、mes are not our crimes: We do not arrest blasphemers or adulterers, and only gun control fanatics would criminalize the sale of weapons to Indians. (They would criminalize the sale of weapons to anybody.) Nor would the ordeal suffered by poor Joseph Gatchellthe tongue “piercethrough“ with a hot poke
44、rbe regarded today as anything less than torture.But what is the objection to corporal punishment that doesnt maim or mutilate? Instead of a prison term, why not sentence at least some criminalssay, thieves and drunk driversto a public whipping?“Too degrading,“ some will say. “Too brutal. “ But wher
45、e is it written that being whipped is more degrading than being caged? Why is it more brutal to flog a wrongdoer than to throw him in prisonwhere the risk of being beaten, raped, or murdered is terrifyingly high?The Globe reported in 1994 that more than 200,000 prison inmates are raped each year, us
46、ually to the indifference of the guards. “The horrors experienced by many young inmates, particularly those who. are convicted of nonviolent offenses,“ former Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun has written, “border on the unimaginable. “ Are those horrors preferable to the short, sharp shame of co
47、rporal punishment?Perhaps the Puritans were more enlightened than we think, at least on the subject of punishment. Their sanctions were humiliating and painful, but quick and cheap. Maybe we should readopt a few.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first sentence we know that（分数：2.00）A.many states do not have eno
48、ugh prisons for offenders.B.building more prisons does not reduce street crimes.C.the legal system is not strict enough to be effective.D.probation and parole without supervision are meaningless.(2).The author suggests in the second paragraph that when a prisoner finishes his term, he（分数：2.00）A.will
49、 usually develop a sense of decency.B.will repay the society with newly acquired skills.C.will become as educated as college graduates.D.will emerge as a more hardened criminal.(3).A “cachet“ is（分数：2.00）A.a sense of shame.B.a term in prison.C.an admirable quality.D.a moral lesson.(4).The author is highly suspicious of（分数：2.00）A.the Puritan values.B.probation and parole supervision.C.humiliating and painful paddling.D.punishment by way of imprisonment.(5).The author of the passage is in favor of（分数：2.00）A.imprisonment.B.corporal punishment.C.legal
