1、考研英语-323 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (1) by educated people
2、and used in news broadcasts and other (2) situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (3) in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial (4) ; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.(5) , the standard variety of English
3、is based on the London (6) of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one (7) by the educated, and it was developed and promoted (8) a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also
4、 the (9) that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (10) English is arranged to the extent that tile grammar and vocabulary of English are (11) the same everywhere in the world where English is used; (12) among local standards is really quite minor, (13) the Singapore,
5、South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (14) different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (15) .Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous (16) on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (17) much
6、 of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (18) . This latter situation is not unique (19) English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are (20) .But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between l
7、ocal norms and national, even supranational ones.（分数：10.00）A.saidB.toldC.talkedD.spokenA.sameB.similarC.equalD.identicalA.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everythingA.languageB.vocabularyC.idiomsD.wordsA.SurprisinglyB.HistoricallyC.InterestinglyD.GenerallyA.accentB.pronunciationC.spellingD.dialectA.pre
8、ferredB.learnedC.praisedD.createdA.toB.inC.asD.forA.basisB.normC.ruleD.varietyA.formalB.colloquialC.non-standardD.standardA.notB.veryC.muchD.hardlyA.variationB.standardizationC.unificationD.transformationA.thereforeB.butC.so thatD.neverthelessA.greatB.muchC.noD.littleA.talkedB.concernedC.mentionedD.
9、involvedA.pressB.pressureC.powerD.forceA.lostB.gainedC.missedD.gotA.abandonedB.changedC.standardizedD.reformedA.inB.ofC.forD.toA.in the wayB.under wayC.out of the wayD.all the way二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Univer
10、sal human rights begin in small places, close to home.“ And Tolerance. org, a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center, is helping parents across the country create homes in which tolerance and understanding are guiding themes. “The goal of nurturing open-minded, empathetic children is a challe
11、nging one,“ says Jennifer Holladay, director of Tolerance. org. “To cultivate tolerance, parents have to instill in children a sense of empathy, respect and responsibilityto oneself and to othersas well as the recognition that every person on earth is a treasure.“ Holladay offers several ways parent
12、s can promote tolerance:Talk about tolerance. Tolerance education is an ongoing process; it cannot be captured in a single moment. Establish a high comfort level for open dialogue about social issues. Let children know that no subject is taboo. Identify intolerance when children are exposed to it. P
13、oint out stereotypes and cultural misinformation depicted in movies, TV shows, computer games and other media. Challenge bias when it comes from friends and family members. Do not let the moment pass. Begin with a qualified statement: “Andrew just called people of XYZ faith lunatics. What do you thi
14、nk about that, Zoe?“ Let children do most of the talking. Challenge intolerance when it comes from your children. When a child says or does something that reflects biases or embraces stereotypes, confront the child: “What makes that joke funny, Jerome?“ Guide the conversation toward internalization
15、of empathy and respect“Mimi uses a walker, honey. How do you think she would feel about that joke?“ or “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week?“ Support your children when they are the victims of intolerance. Respect childrens troubles by acknowledging when they become targe
16、ts of bias.Dont minimize the experience. Provide emotional support and then brainstorm constructive responses. For example, develop a set of comebacks to use when children are the victims of name-calling. Create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them. Look cri
17、tically at how a child defines “normal.“ Expand the definition. Visit playgrounds where a variety of children are presentpeople of different races, socioeconomic backgrounds, family structures, etc. Encourage a child to spend time with eldersgrandparents, for example. Encourage children to call upon
18、 community resources. A child who is concerned about world hunger can volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. The earlier children interact with the community, the better. This will help convey the lesson that we are not islands unto ourselves. Model the behavior you would like to see
19、. As a parent and as your childs primary role model, be consistent in how you treat others. Remember, you may say, “Do as I say, not as I do,“ but actions really do speak louder than words.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tolerance. org?（分数：2.00）A.It is a Web site from t
20、he Northern Poverty Law Center.B.It is helping parents across the country create homes for those orphans.C.The goal is to challenge those intolerant children.D.It helps parents cultivate a sense of empathy and responsibility in their children.(2).The underlined word “taboo“ (Para. 2) most probably m
21、eans“_“.（分数：2.00）A.intoleranceB.forbidden customsC.secret dialoguesD.inappropriate issues(3).The example of asking “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week?“ is to illustrate that it is indispensable to_.（分数：2.00）A.challenge intolerance when it comes from your childrenB.ident
22、ify intolerance when children are exposed to itC.support your children when they are the victims of intoleranceD.create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them(4).According to the passage, children are encouraged to join in many activities other than_.（分数：2.00）
23、A.live in homeless shelterB.spend time with eldersC.volunteer at a local soup kitchenD.visit playgrounds where a variety of children are present(5).According to Jennifer Holladay, who are childrens primary role models?（分数：2.00）A.Their teachers.B.Their parents.C.Their grandparents.D.Their peers.五、Tex
24、t 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every year New Zealanders living in London can be seen loading up Kombi vans and heading off to experience the “classic European holiday“. The trip usually starts in the north of France, after crossing the channel from Dover in England to Calais, driving down through France, over
25、the Pyrenees into Spain, west into Portugal and then across the Continent to Italy and often beyond.There are numerous reasons young New Zealanders take this rite of passageas well as seeing all the fantastic sights and tasting the delights of Europes food and wine, its relatively inexpensive. The K
26、ombi is transport and accommodation all in one, cutting down significantly on costs.There is just one problem. As the Kombis become “antique“, these trips are usually punctuated with numerous roadside sessions as the van sits idle, in no hurry to start, while you swelter in the hot sun. But do not l
27、et this deter you. Travelling Europe in your own vehicle means no public transport schedules to cramp your style, the ability to explore the quaint, off-the- beaten-track villages where the “real“ locals live, freedom to not have to book accommodation in advanceyou can nearly always get a campsite a
28、nd can load your vehicle with cheap, fantastic regional wines and souvenirs. With these bonuses in mind, here are some suggestions for planning the great Europe road adventure. The key to a pleasurable driving experience is a good navigator and a driver with a cool head. If you do not feel relaxed d
29、riving around New Zealands cities and highways, then you probably will not enjoy driving around Europe. As co-pilot to the driver, you need to read (and understand) maps, look out for turn-offs-and keep the music playing. Language is not a big problem once a few essential terms are mastered. The big
30、gest challenge is in the cities, where traffic can be chaotic and elaborate one-way systems and narrow, cobbled alleyways can make finding your destination hard work. It can be easier to leave the vehicle on the outskirts of town or in a camping ground and use public transport. This also avoids payi
31、ng for costly parking.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the trip usually starts in_.（分数：2.00）A.FranceB.EnglandC.SpainD.Italy(2).The underlined word “Kombi“ (Para. 1) most probably means“_“.（分数：2.00）A.the name of the tripB.the friend going with youC.the brand of the vanD.the name of a hotel(3).
32、In the sentence “its relatively inexpensive“ (Para. 2) “it“ most probably refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.the tripB.the transportationC.the accommodationD.the food and wine(4).What is the biggest trouble?（分数：2.00）A.The Kombis become too old.B.Language.C.People may not enjoy the driving experience.D.Finding on
33、es destination is hard for the busy traffic in-cities.(5).What is the nationality of the target readers?（分数：2.00）A.New ZealandB.EnglandC.FranceD.Spain六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The first big-name hackers include Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds, all now highly recognizable names behind many
34、 of the computer technologies used today. These early hackers had a love of technology and a compelling need to know how it all worked, and their goal was to push programs beyond what they were designed to do. Back then, the word “hacker“ didnt have the negative connotation it has today. The origina
35、l hacker ethic, rooted out of simple curiosity and a need to be challenged, appears to be dead.The objectives of early hackers are a far cry from the goals of todays hacker. The motivation of the new breed of hackers appears not to be curiosity, or a hunger for knowledge, as it used to be. Instead,
36、most of todays hackers are driven by greed, power, revenge, or some other malicious intent, treating hacking as a game or sport, employing the tools that are readily available via the Internet.The rate of security attacks is actually outpacing the growth of the Internet. This means that something be
37、sides the growth of the Internet is driving the rise in security attacks. Here are some realities you should know about: Operating systems and applications will never be secure. New vulnerabilities will be introduced into your environment every day. And even if you ever do get one operating system s
38、ecure, there will be new operating systems with new vulnerabilitiesphones, wireless devices, and network appliances. Employees will never keep up with security polices and awareness. It doesnt matter how much you train and educate your employees. If your employees disregard warnings about the hazard
39、s of opening questionable email attachments, how are you going to educate them about properly configuring firewalls and intrusion detection systems for their PCs? Managers have more responsibility than ever. And on top of the realities listed above, security managers are being asked to support incre
40、asing degrees of network availability and access.There are some good security measures you can take: Employ a layer 7, full-inspection firewall. Automatically update your anti-virus at the gateway, server and client. Keep all of your systems and applications updated. Hackers commonly break into a We
41、b site through known security holes, so make sure your servers and applications are patched and up to date. Turn off unnecessary network services. Eliminate all unneeded programs. Scan network for common backdoor services-Use intrusion detection systems, vulnerability scans, anti virus protection.（分
42、数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements of Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds is TRUE?（分数：2.00）A.They are all good examples of todays computer users.B.They are driven by greed, power, revenge, or some other malicious intent.C.Their goal is to push programs beyond what they are design
43、ed to do.D.They are all dead.(2).The underlined word “hacker“ (Para. 1) most probably means“_“.（分数：2.00）A.highly recognizable names behind many of the computer technologies used todayB.the negative connotation of those computer usersC.a game, employing the tools that are readily available via the In
44、ternetD.people who break into computer systems(3).Which of the following is NOT true of security attacks?（分数：2.00）A.Employees will keep Up with security polices and awareness if they are highly-trained.B.The rate of security attacks appears faster than the growth of the Internet.C.Ones computer syst
45、em will never be secure.D.Vulnerabilities can go through phones, wireless devices, and network appliances.(4).What is the most important one among the realities listed?（分数：2.00）A.New vulnerabilities will be introduced into your environment every day.B.If employees disregard warnings about the hazard
46、s of opening questionable email attachments, the manager should educate them about properly Configuring firewalls and intrusion detection systems for their PCs.C.Managers have more responsibility than ever.D.Security managers are asked to support increasing degrees of network availability and access
47、.(5).Various security measures are recommended EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.turning off network servicesB.employing a full-inspection firewallC.making sure that servers and applications are patchedD.eliminating all unneeded programs七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry
48、and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meatpackers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packinghouses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were s
49、o harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packinghouse workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant mortality rates in the industrial commun
