1、考研英语-316 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a n
2、ew study suggests. The finding comes from research that U(1) /U a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who U(2) /U recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no U(3) /U or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain U(4
3、) /U while completing a task that could U(5) /U either reward or punishment. U(6) /U with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had U(7) /U neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. U(8) /U , the high-risk girls showed no U(9) /U in an area of the brain
4、 called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in U(10) /U past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area U(11) /U receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests t
5、hat high-risk girls have easier time U(12) /U information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed U(13) /U reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically U(14)
6、/U in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, U(15) /U they have not yet experienced a depressive U(16) /U,“ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. “ U(17) /U, longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations U(18) /U in this study d
7、uring the processing of U(19) /U and losses are associated with the U(20) /U onset of depression,“ they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry. （分数：10.00）A.embodiedB.includedC.concludedD.consistedA.experiencedB.undertookC.subjectedD.experimented(3).a pe
8、rsonal B unique C private D single（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.A.explorationsB.examinationsC.detectionsD.scansA.result fromB.suppose toC.result inD.lead inA.MadeB.RegardedC.InsistedD.ComparedA.strongerB.weakerC.lowerD.higherA.DirectlyB.HardlyC.SpecificallyD.InitiallyA.movementB.signC.symbolD.activationA.reinfor
9、cingB.improvingC.weakeningD.slackingA.whyB.whenC.whereverD.whereasA.processingB.countingC.employingD.implyingA.afterB.amongC.withD.duringA.repairedB.impairedC.healedD.damagedA.becauseB.andC.henceD.althoughA.anecdoteB.timeC.episodeD.processA.ClearlyB.SkepticallyC.NonethelessD.HoweverA.carriedB.observ
10、edC.effectedD.sufferedA.criticismsB.punishmentsC.rewardsD.allowancesA.subsequentB.inadequateC.sequentialD.frequent二、BSection Readi(总题数：6，分数：60.00)BPart A/BDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. BT
11、ext 1/BWhen is an endangered species not an endangered species? When it lives in the sea, apparently. Despite continuing carnage in the ocean, marine creatures were refused any protection at the United Nations conference on trade in wildlife that ended yesterday in Doha, Qatar. Tigers, rhinos and el
12、ephants are all better protected after the meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites). But hammerhead sharks, bluefin tuna and other marine species should be quaking in their skins. For when it comes to fish, the world has decided that scientific evidence of immin
13、ent demise is not reason enough to defend them against overexploitation. The conflict between trade and conservation is nothing new, but it is pretty well established that if you let trade in wildlife run rampant (蔓延的), soon there will be nothing left to sell. That is why the UN set up Cites in the
14、first place. So why did fish get such a raw deal? Is it that we care less about life that is so very different from us? Do the emotionless eyes of fish leave our hearts cold? Is it an extension of the convenient myth that fish feel no pain? The truth is far more shocking. All fingers of blame point
15、directly at Japan. The high value of bluefin tuna-a single specimen can reach $112 000-led it to orchestrate a full-scale campaign against proposals to ban trade in the species. Diplomatic missions were sent to developing nations to bully them into agreeing with Japans conviction that fish cannot be
16、 endangered. That way of thinking is grounded in ignorance. The oceans long seemed infinite in their capacity to produce such riches, and any sign that this was not so was hidden by our inability to peer into the depths. Science has now stripped back the veil and revealed the extent of the depletion
17、. It is this science that Japan and its allies have chosen to not to see. Unfortunately for life in the sea, Japans campaign made waves far beyond the bluefin. Sharks are in dire trouble thanks to some peoples appetite for using their fins in soup. About 73 million sharks are killed each year as a r
18、esult, and sharks dont reproduce fast. But far from favoring a ban, nations voted against even the most basic monitoring of the trade. Red and pink corals have now all but vanished from the Mediterranean and are being stripped from the Pacific, but proposals to control that trade were also swept awa
19、y. Fish dont recognise borders and boundaries. Yet one nation, Japan, by its cynical use of political power is robbing the world of a shared resource. （分数：10.00）(1).The word “carnage“ (Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “ _ “.（分数：2.00）A.slaughterB.protectionC.attentionD.neglect(2).The con
20、flict between trade and conservation is_.（分数：2.00）A.the establishment of CitesB.the urgency of protecting marine creaturesC.the divergence on the trade of fishD.the value of fish(3).Why are fish refused any protection from the United Nations conference?（分数：2.00）A.We care less about marine life.B.The
21、 emotionless eyes of fish leave our hearts cold.C.People think that fish feel no pain.D.People especially Japanese convict that fish wont be endangered.(4).Sharks are endangered mainly because _.（分数：2.00）A.Japanese believe that fish cannot be endangeredB.we dont have effective measures to protect th
22、emC.Chinese have a desire for their fins in the cookingD.sharks dont reproduce fast(5).The authors attitude towards the fate of marine creatures is_.（分数：2.00）A.optimisticB.criticalC.worriedD.nonchalantBText 2/BIts seven weeks into the new year. Do you know where your resolution is? If youre like mil
23、lions of Americans, you probably vowed to lose weight, quit smoking and drink less in the new year. You kicked off January with a commitment to long-term well-being-until you came face-to-face with a cheeseburger. You spent a bundle on a shiny new gym pass. Turns out, it wasnt reason enough for you
24、to actually use the gym. People can make poor decisions when it comes to health-despite their best intentions. Its not easy abiding by wholesome choices (giving up French fries) when the consequences of not doing so (heart disease) seem so far in the future. Most people are bad at judging their heal
25、th risks: smokers generally know cigarettes cause cancer, but they also tend to believe theyre less likely than other smokers to get it. And as any snack-loving dieter can attest, people can be comically inept at predicting their future .behavior. You swear you will eat just one potato chip but dont
26、 stop until the bag is empty. So, what does it take to motivate people to stick to the path set by their conscious brain? How can good choices be made to seem more appealing than bad ones? The problem stumps doctors, public-health officials and weight-loss experts, but one solution may spring from a
27、n unlikely source. Meet your new personal trainer: your boss. American businesses have a particular interest in personal health, since worker illness costs them billions each year in insurance claims, sick days and high staff turnover. A 2008 survey of major US employers found that 64% consider thei
28、r employees poor health decisions a serious barrier to affordable insurance coverage. Now some companies are tackling the motivation problem head on, using tactics drawn from behavioral psychology to nudge their employees to get healthy. “Its a bit paradoxical that employers need to provide incentiv
29、es for people to improve their own health,“ says Michael Follick, a behavioral psychologist at Brown University and president of the consultancy Abacus Employer Health Solutions. Paradoxical, maybe, but effective. Consider Amica Mutual Insurance, based in Rhode Island. Arnica seemed to be doing ever
30、ything right: it boasts an on-site fitness center at its headquarters. It pays toward Weight Watchers and smoking-cessation help, gives gift cards to reward proper prenatal care and offers free flu shots each year. Still, in the mid-2000s, about 7% of the companys insured population, including rough
31、ly 3 100 employees and their dependents, had diabetes. “We manage risk. Thats our core business,“ says Scott Boyd, Amicas director of compensation and benefits. But diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees had doubled in four years. “We thought, OK,“ Boyd says now, “we have to manage these high
32、-risk groups a little better. “ （分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, we can infer that the Americans _.（分数：2.00）A.vow to diet in the new yearB.fear to lose weightC.have poor decision in keeping healthy dietD.succeed in losing weight(2).Why can people make poor decision when it comes to health?（分数：2
33、.00）A.Because they have no intention of being healthy.B.Because they are bad at judging their health risks.C.Because it is not easy abiding by impractical commitments.D.Because they can not resist the temptation of delicious food.(3).Who play an important role in motivating people to stick to health
34、?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors.B.Public-health officials.C.Weight-loss experts.D.Bosses.(4).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.If you want to keep healthy, you have to meet your personal trainer.B.The diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees have been increased.C.The American
35、business doesnt do anything concerned with personal health.D.Abiding by healthy choices is facile.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Making Good Health EasyB.Cost of Losing WeightC.Difficulties in DietingD.Advantages of Healthy DietBText 3/BIts not only humans
36、 that flourish in large settlements. Some ants find urban life so accommodating that their populations explode and they form supercolonies in cities. “One of the most common house ant species might have been built for living in some of the smallest spaces in a forest, but the ants have found ways to
37、 take advantage of the comforts of city living,“ Purdue University said in a statement. Grzegorz Buczkowski, a Purdue University research assistant professor of entomology, discovered odorous house ants live in supercolonies, creating complex networks entomologists have never seen with the species b
38、efore now. He found that odorous house ant colonies become larger and more complex as they move from forest to city and act somewhat like an invasive species, the university said. “The ants live about 50 to a colony with one queen in forest settings but explode into supercolonies with more than 6 mi
39、llion workers and 50 000 queens in urban areas,“ the university explained. “This is a native species thats doing this,“ said Buczkowski, whose results are published in the early online version of the journal Biological Invasions. “Native ants are not supposed to become invasive. We dont know of any
40、other native ants that are outcompeting other species of native ants like these,“ Buczkowski said. Odorous house ants live in hollow acorn shells in the forest. Theyre called odorous because they have a coconut (椰子)-or rum-like smell when crushed. Theyre considered one of the most common house ants,
41、 Purdue said. In semi-natural areas that are a cross of forest and urban areas, such as a park, Buczkowski said he observed colonies of about 500 workers with a single queen. “Its possible that as the ants get closer to urban areas they have easier access to food, shelter and other resources,“ he sa
42、id. “In the forest, they have to compete for food and nesting sites,“ Buczkowski said. “In the cities, they dont have that competition. People give them a place to nest, food to eat. “ Buczkowski observed the ants in three different settings on and around the Purdue campus. He said it might be expec
43、ted that if the odorous house ants were able to multiply into complex colonies, other ants would do the same. But Buczkowski found no evidence that other ants had adapted to new environments and evolved into larger groups as the odorous house ants have, Purdie said. “Its possible that odorous house
44、ants are better adapted to city environments than other ant species or that they had somehow outcompeted or dominated other species,“ he said. “This raises a lot of questions wed like to answer. “ Buczkowski said understanding why the supercolonies form could lead to better control of the pests in h
45、omes, as well as ensuring that they dont outcompete beneficial species. Future studies on odorous house ants will include studying the ants genetics and trying to understand the effects of urbanization of odorous house ants, Purdue said. （分数：10.00）(1).The word “accommodating“ (Line 1, Paragraph 1) i
46、s closest in meaning to “ _“.（分数：2.00）A.helpfulB.easy-goingC.spaciousD.easy to adapt to (a new place)(2).According to the third paragraph, native ants are _.（分数：2.00）A.liable to become aggressiveB.not prone to be offensiveC.able to outcompete other antsD.easily attacked by other ants(3).The semi-nat
47、ural areas dont include_.（分数：2.00）A.grass lands on campusB.forestsC.parksD.greenbelts(4).The purpose of understanding the supercolonies forming is to _.（分数：2.00）A.control the pests and protect beneficial speciesB.understand the effects of urbanization of antsC.help study the ants geneticsD.better to
48、tally dominate other species(5).The odorous house ants move to urban areas because they _.（分数：2.00）A.want to outcompete and dominate other species in citiesB.could have easier access to resources they needC.have the ability to have a new place to nestD.like to compete for food and nesting sitesBText 4/BComputer brain games may not offer the big mental boost many were hoping for, suggests new research, but brain scientists and brain-game experts dont all agree on the findings. The study, out this week in Nature, is the largest of its kind, say scientists from Englands Medical Researc
