1、考研英语-310 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. It has been almost half a decade since Norman Mailer described leas Vegas in his novel The American Dream.
2、 But it U(1) /U to be one of the most U(2) /U and exhilarating (使人愉快的) holiday destinations in the world. An end-less U(3) /U of colorful sights and activities are surrounded by skyscrapers and the magnificent Nevada desert. With U(4) /U shopping, luxury spas, five-star dining and some of the most e
3、xtravagant entertainment, you will U(5) /U see, this is a city U(6) /U offers an experience like no other. Perhaps the enduring appeal of this “ U(7) /U capital of the world“, though, is that it always has something U(8) /U to offer. Recently the Hard Rock Caf has been U(9) /U up its act, completing
4、 with a new 42 000 sq ft venue, 1 000-seater cinema and an “interactive rock wall“-allowing customers the chance to U(10) /U images of Hard Rocks collection. City Center is an $ 8.5 billion (5.3 billion) complex on the Strip; a place that, in a city already U(11) /U with extraordinary casinos (娱乐场)
5、and hotels, stands out from the U(12) /U It was the largest privately U(13) /U construction project in the US and has three stand-alone hotels, a sprawling shopping and entertainment district and two 37-storey glass towers of U(14) /U flats, designed by the likes of Norman Foster. Another Las Vegas
6、U(15) /U, Planet Hollywood, has U(16) /U with luxury developers to create Westgate Towers-where you could own a piece of the action and a chance to come back to Las Vegas every year. U(17) /U, the only thing youll U(18) /U of in Vegas is not knowing which club, restaurant or spa to choose from. But
7、then you can always ask a(n) U(19) /U or the concierge-the fantastic thing about this city is that its residents U(20) /U it as much as you will. （分数：10.00）A.beginsB.continuesC.ceasesD.haltsA.uniqueB.unpleasantC.discomfortingD.disconcertingA.arrayB.groupC.teamD.rowA.unpopularB.unparalleledC.unpredic
8、tableD.unprofitableA.everB.neverC.foreverD.overA.whatB.whereC.thatD.whenA.politicsB.economicC.cultureD.entertainmentA.oldB.strangeC.newD.annoyingA.polishingB.layingC.handingD.standingA.spreadB.increaseC.enlargeD.expandA.heldB.stuffedC.beganD.wentA.worldB.centerC.crowdD.cityA.fundedB.foundedC.foundD.
9、supportedA.ordinaryB.luxuryC.unimaginativeD.incuriousA.titleB.sampleC.stapleD.themeA.teamed upB.welled upC.turned tapD.made upA.HoweverB.AlthoughC.ThereforeD.In factA.satisfyB.complainC.careD.concernA.strangerB.barmanC.passerbyD.officerA.enjoyB.dislikeC.boreD.abhor二、BSection Readi(总题数：6，分数：60.00)BPa
10、rt A/BDirections: Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. BText 1/BChildren attending schools located in high-traffic zones have a 45 percent increased risk of developing asthma, even though time spent at school onl
11、y accounts for about one-third of a childs waking hours, according to new research. Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness in developed countries and has been linked to environmental factors such as traffic-related air pollution. “While residential traffic-related pollution has been ass
12、ociated with asthma, there has been little study of the effects of traffic exposure at school on new onset asthma,“ says Rob McConnell, professor of preventive medicine at USCs Keck School of Medicine. “Exposure to pollution at locations other than home, especially where children spend a large porti
13、on of their day and may engage in physical activity, appears to influence asthma risk as well.“ The study appears online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The study drew upon data from the Childrens Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal study of children in Southern California communiti
14、es that was designed to investigate the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health. Using a cohort of 2 497 kindergarten and first grade children who were asthma-free when they entered the study, researchers examined the relationship of local traffic around schools and homes to diagnosis
15、 new onset asthma that occurred during three years of follow-up. Traffic-related pollution exposure was assessed based on a model that took into account traffic volume, distance to major roadways from home and school and local weather conditions. Regional ambient ozone, nitrogen dioxide (二氧化氮) and p
16、articulate matter were measured continuously at one central site in each of the 13 study communities. The design allowed investigators to examine the joint effects of local traffic-related pollution exposure at school and at home and of regional pollution exposure affecting the entire community. Res
17、earchers found 120 cases of new asthma. The risk associated with traffic-related pollution exposure at schools was almost as high as for residential exposure, and combined exposure accounting for time spent at home and at school had a slightly larger effect. Although children spend less time at scho
18、ol than at home, physical education, and other activities that take place at school may increase ventilation rates and the dose of pollutants getting into the lungs, McConnell notes. Traffic-related pollutant levels may also be higher during the morning hours when children are arriving at school. De
19、spite a state law that prohibits school districts from building campuses within 500 feet of a freeway, many Southern California schools are located near high-traffic areas, including busy surface streets. “Its important to understand how these micro-environments where children spent a lot of their t
20、ime outside of the home are impacting their health,“ McConnell says. “Policies that reduce exposure to high-traffic environments may help to prevent this disease. “ The study was funded by grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the US Environmental Protection Agency, th
21、e South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the Hastings Foundation. （分数：10.00）(1).Which one is NOT the reason that children increase risk of developing asthma?（分数：2.00）A.There exists traffic-related pollution.B.Schools are located in heavy-traffic areas.C.Children are frequently exposed to p
22、ollution.D.The vehicles increase rapidly.(2).What kind of illness does “asthma“ belong to?（分数：2.00）A.Mental sickness.B.Respiratory disease.C.Influenza.D.Infectious disease.(3).We can infer from McConnells view that_.（分数：2.00）A.there has been little study of the residential traffic-related pollutionB
23、.activities that take place at school may increase the risk of asthmaC.traffic-related pollutant level is lower during the morning hoursD.frequent exposure to outdoors appears to influence the risk of asthma(4).The method of preventing asthma is to_.（分数：2.00）A.reduce exposure to schoolsB.do more act
24、ivities at homeC.reduce exposure to heavy traffic zonesD.understand the micro-environments(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.In Southern California, many schools are located near heavy traffic zones.B.The study was carried out by many organizations.C.Rob McConnell is
25、 the leader of the study.D.Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness around the world.BText 2/BA few milliamps of electricity can cause plants to increase synthesis of chemicals. These compounds often also have a pharmacological (related to medicine) or commercial value, so the trick could
26、 be used to help increase yields of commercially useful biologicals. Artemisinic acid, from sweet wormwood, for example, is used in malarial medications, and shikonin (紫草素), from the purple gromwell plant, is used against skin infections. Researchers have long known that stressing plants can force t
27、hem to take defensive action, often ramping up the production of protective chemicals that, for example, make them more resistant to insect attack. It has become common practice to stress such plants into increasing their yields. This is usually clone using physical stress elicitors (诱导子), including
28、 bits of the micro-organisms that normally attack the plants, or irritants made from metallic compounds such as copper chloride. These are effective, but they come at a cost. Most elicitors are toxic to plants and can build up in tissues, making it necessary to occasionally “clean“ a plant of the ch
29、emicals so they keep having the same effect. Recently, research groups at the University of Arizona in Tucson found that the application of an electric current to the hairy roots of the poisonous herb Hyoscyamus muticus stimulated the production of the herbs toxin hyoscyamine (天仙子胺). This unpublishe
30、d finding inspired Hans Van Etten, also of the University of Arizona, and his colleagues to test sub-lethal levels of electrical currents on other plants, to assess electricitys potential to elevate chemical production. The researchers exposed eight different plant species (ranging from Japanese pag
31、oda tree seedlings to pea plants) to weak electrical currents of 30 milliamps. Seven of the plants increased their production o defensive chemicals. The average boost of chemical production was 20 times, they report in Biotechnology Progress. One plant, a type of alfalfa, increased its chemical yiel
32、d by 168 times. These values are very similar to those achieved using chemical elicitors, and seem to have no lethal effects-just a negative effect on growth. The treatment can be used over and over again without the build-up of any unwanted material. The useful compounds would be very easy to harve
33、st: they simply pour out into solution if the plants are grown hydroponically. “The fact that we can use electricity instead of toxic materials to elicit chemical production is very exciting because it means we get to look at how these chemicals form without having to constantly add and remove toxin
34、s from the system,“ says Van Etten. “This is a really novel and creative approach that Ive never seen before,“ says plant metabolic engineer Fabricio Medina Bolivar from Arkansas State University in Jonesboro. “The possibilities for using electricity with plants in this way are absolutely tremendous
35、. “ （分数：10.00）(1).Electricity acting on plants can be used to _.（分数：2.00）A.take precautions against skin infectionsB.increase production of useful biologicalsC.increase pharmacological and commercial valueD.make plants more resistant to attack(2).The traditional ways of increasing the yields of chem
36、ical do NOT include _.（分数：2.00）A.being attacked by micro-organismsB.using physical stress elicitorsC.applying copper chlorideD.employing electrical currents on plants(3).Which one of the followings is NOT the advantage of using electricity?（分数：2.00）A.It can achieve the same values as using chemical
37、elicitors.B.It can be used time and again.C.It can boost chemical production.D.It has no adverse impacts on the growth of plants.(4).The views of Fabricio and Van Etten towards the way of using electricity to elicit chemical production are _.（分数：2.00）A.differentB.oppositeC.similarD.complementary(5).
38、What is the main idea of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Reactions to the electric stress lead to more chemical yields.B.Yields of commercially useful biologicals are increased.C.Using electricity to elicit chemical production is very exciting.D.Using electricity has a negative effect on plant growth.BText 3
39、/BFeeling anxious? Your mood may actually change how your dinner tastes, making the bitter and salty flavors recede, according to new research. This link between the chemical balance in your brain and your sense of taste could one day help doctors to treat depression. There are currently no on-the-s
40、pot tests for deciding which medication will work best in individual patients with this condition. Researchers hope that a test based on flavor detection could help doctors to get more prescriptions right first time. It has long been known that people who are depressed have lower-than-usual levels o
41、f the brain chemicals serotonin or noradrenaline, or in some cases both. Many also have a blunted sense of taste, which is presumably caused by changes in brain chemistry. To unpick the relationship between the two, Lucy Donaldson and her colleagues at the University of Bristol, UK, gave 20 healthy
42、volunteers two antidepressant drugs, and checked their sensitivity to different tastes. The drug that raised serotonin levels made people more sensitive to sweet and bitter tastes, the team reports in the Journal of Neuroscience. The other, which increased noradrenaline, enhanced recognition of bitt
43、er and sour tastes. In healthy people, volunteers whose anxiety levels were naturally higher were less sensitive to bitter and salty tastes. “What hasnt been done beore is to look precisely at which tastes are affected in depression,“ says Donaldson. Now the results are in, “we can discriminate betw
44、een the chemicals and the tastes that seem to be altered,“ she says. Testing sensitivity to sweet and sour tastes could potentially help doctors to pick up on which chemicals are dipping, guiding them when choosing which drug to rectify the problem. Currently, doctors rely on physical and emotional
45、symptoms to make a best guess at an individuals imbalance, prescribe a drug and wait about a month to check on any improvement. Good doctors have about a 60-80% success rate in selecting the right drug the first time, says psychiatrist Jan Melichar, a co-author on the paper. Are there any decent tes
46、ts for prescribing drugs for depression? “No. We do a best guesstimate,“ says Melichar. “Im excited by this finding because in 3, 5 or 7 years we could have a simple taste test. “ Next, the team plans to perform similar tests in depressed people, and in healthy volunteers given another brain chemica
47、l called tryptophan. This chemical would lower the healthy subjects levels of serotonin, as actually happens in depressed patients. The work has also generated interest from flavor houses-companies that develop chemicals for the food and drink industry-who are interested in making foods taste just a
48、s sweet with half the amount of sugar. “Theoretically there would be the possibility of enhancing your meal with drugs that affect brain chemicals so that things would taste better-you couid have a designer taste tablet,“ Donaldson says. （分数：10.00）(1).The study of the link between mood and taste can
49、 help_.（分数：2.00）A.people to gain better moodB.doctor to cure depressionC.people to increase appetiteD.researchers to get prescriptions(2).The word “blunted“ (Line 2, Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.sharpB.painfulC.insensitiveD.sweet(3).Which of the following is TRUE as to the results of the research?（分数：2.00）A.Increased
