1、考研英语-308 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Most plants can make their own food from sunlight,U (1) /Usome have discovered that stealing is an easier
2、 way to live, Thousands of plant species get byU (2) /Uphotosynthesizing, and over 400 of these species seem to live by pilfering sugars from an undergroundU (3) /Uof fungi(真菌). But inU (4) /Ua handful of these plants has this modus operandi been traced to a relatively obscure fungus. To find out ho
3、wU (5) /UareU (6) /U, mycologist Martin Bidartondo of the University of California at Berkeley and his team looked in their roots. What they found wereU (7) /Uof a common type of fungus, soU (8) /Uthat it is found in nearly 70 percent of all plants. The presence of this common fungus in these plants
4、 not onlyU (9) /Uat how they survive, says Bidartondo, but also suggests that many ordinary plants might prosper from a little looting, too.Plants haveU (10) /Urelations to get what they need to survive. Normal,U (11) /Uplants can make their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis, but they still n
5、eed minerals. Most plants haveU (12) /Ua symbiotic relationship with aU (13) /Unetwork of what are called mycorrhizal fungi, which lies beneath the forestU (14) /U. The fungi help green plants absorb minerals through their roots, andU (15) /U, the plants normallyU (16) /Uthe fungi with sugars, or ca
6、rbon. With a number of plants sharing the same fungal web, it was perhapsU (17) /Uthat a few cheatersdubbed epiparasiteswould evolve to beat the system.U (18) /U, these plants reversed the flow of carbon,U (19) /Uit into their roots from the fungiU (20) /Ureleasing it as “payment.“（分数：10.00）A.butB.i
7、fC.becauseD.thoughA.forB.withC.toD.withoutA.realmB.netC.relationD.webA.onlyB.almostC.virtuallyD.actuallyA.othersB.the othersC.otherD.the otherA.getting byB.getting onC.getting throughD.getting overA.evidencesB.picturesC.tracesD.tracksA.popularB.commonC.ordinaryD.widespreadA.showsB.denotesC.indicates
8、D.hintsA.businessB.commercialC.tradingD.exchangingA.greenB.landC.wildD.grownA.createdB.developedC.designedD.formulatedA.largeB.vastC.greatD.bigA.floorB.levelC.groundD.layerA.in turnB.in factC.in returnD.in the endA.offerB.equipC.helpD.provideA.essentialB.importantC.possibleD.inevitableA.in timeB.ove
9、rtimeC.at timesD.behind timeA.takingB.graspingC.suckingD.catchingA.instead ofB.in spite ofC.in place ofD.by contrast of二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEE
10、T 1.BText 1/BA factory that makes uranium fuel for nuclear reactors had a spill so bad it kept the plant closed for seven months last year and became one of only three events in all of 2006 serious enough for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to include in an annual report to Congress. After an inve
11、stigation, the commission changed the terms of the factorys license and said the public had 20 days to request a hearing on the changes.But no member of the public ever did. In fact, no member of the public could find out about the changes. The document describing them, including the notice of heari
12、ng rights for anyone who felt adversely affected, was stamped “official use only,“ meaning that it was not publicly accessible.The agency would not even have told Congress which factory was involved were it not for the efforts of Gregory B. Jaczko, one of the five commissioners. Mr. Jaczko identifie
13、d the company, Nuclear Fuel Services of Erwin, Tenn, in a memorandum that became part of the public record. His memorandum said other public documents would allow an informed person to deduce that the factory belonged to Nuclear Fuel Services.Such secrecy by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is now
14、coming under attack by influential members of Congress. These lawmakers argue that the agency is withholding numerous documents about nuclear facilities in the name of national security, but that many withheld documents are not sensitive. The lawmakers say the agency must rebalance its penchant for
15、secrecy with the publics right to participate in the licensing process and its right to know about potential hazards. The agency, the congressmen said, “has removed hundreds of in nocuous documents relating to the N. F. S. plant from public view.“With a resurgence of nuclear plant construction expec
16、ted after a 30-year hiatus, agency officials say frequently that they are trying to strike a balance between winning public confidence by regulating openly and protecting sensitive information. A commission spokesman, Scott Burnell, said the “official use only“ designation was under review.As laid o
17、ut by the commissions report to Congress and other sources, the event at the Nuclear Fuel Service factory was discovered when a supervisor saw a yellow liquid dribbling under a door and into a hallway. Workers had previously described a yellow liquid in a “glove box,“ a sealed container with gloves
18、built into the sides to allow a technician to manipulate objects inside, but managers had decided it was ordinary uranium. In fact, it was highly enriched uranium that had been declared surplus from the weapons inventory of the Energy Department and sent to the plant to be diluted to a strength appr
19、opriate for a civilian reactor. If the material had gone critical, “it is likely that at least one worker would have received an exposure high enough to cause acute health effects or death,“ the commission said.Generally, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission does describe nuclear incidents and changes
20、in licenses. But in 2004, according to the committees letter, the Office of Naval Reactors, part of the Energy Department, reached an agreement with the commission that any correspondence with Nuclear Fuel Services would be marked “official use only.“（分数：10.00）(1).Why did no member of the public req
21、uest any hearing?（分数：2.00）A.Because the general public often show no interest in such matters.B.Because the hearing rights of the public are adversely affected.C.Because the public has stamped the documents “official use only“.D.Because the public are not aware of the changes in the first place.(2).
22、It can be inferred from the first three paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.the public have access to Mr. Jaczkos memorandum.B.the agency never told Congress which factory was involved.C.the Nuclear Fuel Services is a non-profitable government company.D.documents marked “Official Use Only“ axe accessible to t
23、he informed.(3).NRC is criticized by Congress members chiefly because（分数：2.00）A.law makers draw the conclusion that NRC has illegal documents.B.they think NRC is hiding more information than it should be.C.the public have the rights to know any potential hazards.D.they think nuclear facilities are n
24、ot a matter of national security.(4).The word “innocuous“(last sentence, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.insensitive.B.confidential.C.innocent.D.harmful(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The 2006 incidence occurred because of the carelessness of a sup
25、ervisor.B.Yellow liquids in a glove box should always be handled with heed.C.Highly enriched uranium can be diluted for civilian uses.D.At least one worker has been seriously affected in the 2006 incidence.BText 2/BThe history of modem pollution problems shows that most have resulted from negligence
26、 and ignorance. We have an appalling tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce and distribute radioactive substances, synthetic chemicals and many other potent compounds before fully comprehending their effects on
27、living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete.It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory, to explore, and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before, and that these risks are necessary to technological progress.These argumen
28、ts overlook an important element. In the past, risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and brief period of time. The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief. Air pollution covers vast urban areas. Ocean pollutants have
29、been discovered in nearly every part of the world. Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades and years to come. Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The size and persistence of these problems have grown
30、with the expanding power of modern science.One might also argue that the hazards of modem pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done by smog, fallout, or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being t
31、aken before being fully understood.The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes. The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evalua
32、ting our responsibility to environment.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following adjectives may best describe the tone of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Unconcerned.B.Humorous.C.Serious.D.Exaggerated.(2).The text is mainly about.（分数：2.00）A.the nature of scientific progress.B.the relationship between the progress o
33、f science and pollution.Ccertain factors that harm the circumstance.D.the awareness of our responsibility to environment.(3).The author would most probably agree that the origin of environmental pollution lies in（分数：2.00）A.the indifference to the condition of the environment.B.the lack of the abilit
34、y to control the progress of science.C.the inability of science to deal with certain human endeavors.D.the ignorance of the disposal of pollutants.(4).As used in the second sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase “in depth“ means（分数：2.00）A.fully and thoroughly.B.distantly and remotely.C.seriousl
35、y and extent.D.strongly and unpleasantly.(5).What the people really ignore in the debate is that（分数：2.00）A.the effects of the modem pollutants on the living organisms.B.the present situation is remarkedly different from the past.C.the stress of progress of science to the neglect of environmental pro
36、tection.D.the serious consequence followed by the development of science.BText 3/BMost of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at a
37、ll. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you
38、will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.
39、 Animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficientlythis, after all, is what conquerors and g
40、enerals have doneis not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which
41、 has killed most has worn And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in whic
42、h millions of people were killed or mutilated. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streetswhile, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily lifenations and countries have not learnt to do this
43、yet, and still behave like savages.But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. From the point of view of evolution, human beings are very young children indeed, babies, in fact, of a few months old. Scientists reckon that there has been life of some sort on the
44、 earth in the form of jellyfish and that kind of creature for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years at the outside. These figures are difficult to grasp; so let us scale them down. Supp
45、ose that we reckon the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there have been civilizations for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will b
46、e oceans of time in which to learn better. Taking mans civilized past at about seven or eight hours, we may estimate his future, that is to say, the whole period between now and when the sun grows too cold to maintain life any longer on the earth, at about one hundred thousand years. Thus mankind is
47、 only at the beginning of its civilized life, and as I say, we must not expect too much. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and bullying and gorging and grabbing and hurting. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things.
48、 All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else.（分数：10.00）(1).The first sentence of the opening paragraph indicates that（分数：2.00）A.most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers.B.no one who really helped civilisation forward is mentioned in any history boo
49、k.C.history books neglect the real heroes behind civilisation.D.conquerors, generals and soldiers should not be mentioned in history books.(2).On all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world, we find（分数：2.00）A.the figure of the same conqueror or general or soldier.B.the figure of some conqueror or general or soldier.C.a figure reprsenting the number of
