1、考研英语-304 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/B Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather
2、than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories,U (1) /Uis their purpose merely to make conversation. The old persons recollections of the past help toU (2) /Uan identity that is becoming increasingly fragile:U (3) /U any role that brings respect or any goal that
3、 might provideU (4) /Uto the future, the individual mentions theirU (5) /Uas a reminder to listeners, that here was a lifeU (6) /Uliving. U(7) /U, the memories form part of a continuing lifeU (8) /U, in which the old personU (9) /Uthe events and experiences of the years gone by andU (10) /Uon the ov
4、erall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle U(11) /Uto its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. U(12) /Uthis task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost aU (13) /Usubject in the United States. The mere discussion
5、of death is often regarded as U(14) /U As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and areU (15) /Uto think about it and certainly not to talk about itU (16) /Uthe presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this tabooU (17) /Uonly in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be
6、an important reason for our reluctance toU (18) /Uthe idea of death; It is the very fact that death remainsU (19) /Uour control; it is almost the only one of the natural processesU (20) /Uis so. BNotes:/B reminiscence n. 回忆 fragile adj. 脆弱的。impending adj. 即将发生的。（分数：10.00）A.soB.evenC.norD.hardlyA.pre
7、serveB.conserveC.resumeD.assumeA.performingB.playingC.undertakingD.lackingA.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentationA.presentB.pastC.experienceD.fateA.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.worthwhileA.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particularA.prospectB.impetusC.impressionD.reviewA.integratesB.i
8、ncorporatesC.includesD.interactsA.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceiveA.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tendsA.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.OtherwiseA.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglectA.notoriousB.indecentC.obscureD.desperateA.readyB.willingC.liableD.reluctantA.atB.onC.withD.inA.statusB.circumstanceC.environmentD.pr
9、iorityA.encounterB.confrontC.tolerateD.exposeA.underB.aboveC.beyondD.withinA.whichB.whatC.asD.that二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. BText 1/BThe sta
10、ndardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the test
11、s, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading de
12、pends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the info
13、rmation used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objectiv
14、e method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of informatio
15、n, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, abi
16、lity to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they id
17、entify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they dont compensate for gross social inequality, and thus dont tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
18、 BNotes:/B divert attention from 没有注意到。keep careful score 仔细记分。define vt.界定。had he grown up.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Attacking standardized tests.B.Dont Blame the test blame the user.C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.D.The standardized test-a useful me
19、ans of assessment.(2).The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（分数：2.00）A.the interpretation of test results.B.the analysis of the students tested.C.the skill and wisdom of the test itself.D.the accuracy of the information provided.(3).The third paragraph is
20、 written mainly to state（分数：2.00）A.the functions of educational tests.B.the dimensions of standardized tests.C.the bases for using standardized tests.D.the mixed results of standardized tests.(4).According to the text. which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Predictions do nor alway
21、s hold true.B.Some students “shine“ unexpectedly.C.The supervisor of the test must be well trained.D.Personality rests often fall short of their purpose.(5).According to the text. the authors attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.dubious.C.objective.D.ambigu
22、ous.BText 2/BManners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it
23、is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation.This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer des
24、erve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy
25、 should be shown to the old. the sick and the burdened.Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these about young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp
26、 during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then?Older people, tired and irritable from a days work, are not angels, either-far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and sho
27、ve each other to gel on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communica
28、tion between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants wont bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their despe
29、rate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus. and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration. BNotes:/B much less 更不用说。Continental man 欧洲大陆上的人。rat race 激烈的竞争。be lost to 全然不顾。 all too 实在太。be hard on sh. 对 太严峻。due n
30、.应该得到的东西。communications In transport 运输工具。wont bother to do sth. 不愿费心去做某事。pull the hell (售票员)拉铃(以便让司机开动车辆)。do ones part 尽某人的责任。（分数：10.00）(1).From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who（分数：2.00）A.are physically strong.B.live in big modern cities.C.are from the older
31、generation.D.live only in metropolitan cities.(2).What is the writers opinion concerning courteous manners toward women?（分数：2.00）A.Men should give up their seats to young women.B.Women neednt be treated differently from men.C.“Lady First“ should be universally practiced.D.Special consideration ought
32、 to be shown to them.(3).According to the author, communication between human beings would be smoother if（分数：2.00）A.public transport could be improved.B.people were not so tired and irritable.C.women were treated with more courtesy.D.people were considerate toward each other.(4).What is the possible
33、 meaning of the word “deterioration“ in the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Spreading of evil conduct.B.Lowering of moral standards.C.Worsening of general situation.D.Declining of physical constitution.(5).In the authors view. the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in cities would b
34、e to（分数：2.00）A.attach significance to the moral education of young people.B.improve the means of transportation and the public morality.C.treat people, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathy.D.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels.BText 3/BFor me, scientific kn
35、owledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements. every kind of historical knowledge).Apart from these sci
36、ences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he kn
37、ows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldnt be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest
38、 importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applicatio
39、ns will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation o
40、f conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual cu
41、riosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. Butt in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would
42、 not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly. BNotes:/B intrinsic 固有的。con-substantial 同体的。autonomy 自主性。zealously and without the least suspicion 热情地并丝毫也没有想到。for the most part 大部分，主要地。Utopian 乌托邦，理想主义。disinterestedly 不偏不倚地。resign oneself to 听任，顺从。（分数：10.00）(1).The auth
43、or does not include among the sciences the study of（分数：2.00）A.literature.B.chemistry.C.astronomy.D.anthropology.(2).In the authors view, the Greeks who studied conic sections（分数：2.00）A.were mathematicians.B.worked with electricity.C.were interested in navigation.D.were unaware of the value of their
44、studies.(3).According to the text, the most important advances made by mankind most probably stem from（分数：2.00）A.innovations.B.the natural sciences.C.technical applications.D.apparently useless information.(4).Why is electrical technology mentioned in the third paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.To confirm its im
45、portance in the modern world.B.To show the powerful influence of its inventions.C.To verify the usefulness of theoretical knowledge.D.To give an example of success in practical science.(5).The title which best expresses the idea of this text is（分数：2.00）A.Progress in Pure Science.B.Learning for Its O
46、wn Sake.C.Mans Science and Inventions.D.Difference between Science and Technology.BText 4/BDespite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective.
47、 Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects th
48、em as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore,
49、all knowledge begins with self-knowledge.This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the “American Scholar“ turns out to
