1、考研英语-2 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an
2、 increasingly important marketing center for a vast agricultural hinterland. Market days U U 1 /U /Uthe crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a U U 2 /U /Uof 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, vegetables, cider and other products for direct sale to the U U 3 /U /U. The High
3、Street Market was continuously U U 4 /U /Uthroughout the period until 1736, U U 5 /U /Uit U U 6 /U /Ufrom Front Street to Second. By 1745 New Market was opened on Third Street. The next year the Callow Hill Market began U U 7 /U /U.Along with market days, the U U 8 /U /Uof twice-yearly fairs persist
4、ed in Philadelphia U U 9 /U /Uafter similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The U U 10 /U /Uprovided a means of bringing handmade goods from U U 11 /U /Uplaces to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, U U 12 /U /U, were popular items.Auctions
5、 were another popular U U 13 /U /Uof trade. Because of the competition, retail U U 14 /U /Uopposed these as well as the fairs. U U 15 /U /Ugovernmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary U U 16 /U /Uof economic development was on the merchants side, as i
6、ncreasing business specialization became the U U 17 /U /Uof the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear U U 18 /U /Ugeneral stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants prospered was because th
7、e surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, U U 19 /U /U, in the capital city of the province, U U 20 /U /Uto not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.（分数：10.00）(1). A. followed B. saw C. witted D. increase
8、d（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2). A. radiation B. extent C. radius D. territory（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3). A. townspeople B. farmers C. merchants D. governors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4). A. envisioned B. endangered C. enriched D. enlarged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5). A. that B. what C. how D. when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6). A. varied B.
9、 ranged C. reached D. differed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7). A. operation B. sale C. cooperation D. corporation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8). A. culture B. institution C. deed D. malpractice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9). A. therefore B. hardly C. still D. even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10). A. state B. fairs C. farmers D. cities（分数：0.
10、50）A.B.C.D.(11). A. outweighing B. outreaching C. outlying D. outrageous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12). A. however B. for example C. moreover D. in comparison（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13). A. solution B. format C. style D. form（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14). A. merchants B. farmers C. businessmen D. citizens（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.
11、(15). A. Now that B. Since C. Although D. If（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16). A. course B. trick C. velocity D. hatch（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17). A. command B. order C. recommendation D. sequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18). A. in addition to B. for the purpose of C. with regard to D. at the risk of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19). A
12、. for all B. above all C. at all D. after all（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20). A. resorting B. turning C. catering D. committing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A happy life, according to the Scottish poet James Thomson, consists of “retiremen
13、t, rural quiet, friendship, books,“ among other things. Alice Munro, perhaps the greatest short-story writer of our time, has elected to embrace this bliss, saying last week, “Im probably not going to write anymore.“ An incredulous editor from the National Post had to follow up on whether she really
14、 meant it-that last years sublimely devastating collection, Dear Life, was it for her. “Oh, yes,“ the 81-year-old Canadian said, telling disappointed fans to “read the old ones over again. There are lots of them.“Yet if you have ever imagined a typical day in the life of an author, your vision proba
15、bly resembles Thomsons. Writing seems like tender labor, and its not hard to picture all those quarterly Munro stories the ones that appear in The New Yorker as regularly as fresh internsbeing created from a diet of easy grace, fertilized frequently with tea, long walks, dinners on the porch, and Ch
16、ekhov readings. Why would anyone have to retire from writing, as if its a job with regular hours?Except it is. John Updike used to rent a one-room office above a restaurant, where he would report to write six days a week. John Cheever famously put on his only suit and rode the elevator with the 9-to
17、-5 crowd, only he would proceed down to the basement to write in a storage room. Robert Caro still puts on a jacket and tie every day and repairs to his 22nd-floor Manhattan office. Authors who corral their duties into daily routines help remind us of the industry of writing. A muse does not pour wo
18、rds into someones skull. The drudgery has conquered some of our best wordsmiths. “When you decide to be a writer, you dont have the faintest idea of what the work is like,“ Philip Roth, another recent literary retiree, has said about the “stringent exigencies“ of literature. “But working at it nearl
19、y every day for 50 years . turns out to be an extremely taxing job and hardly the pleasantest of human activities.“ He even called it “just torture, awful.“Munro has long been able to pensively observe someone and effortlessly penetrate the characters extraordinary private history. “Nobody bothers a
20、nymore to judge her goodness,“ the critic James Wood has said. “Her reputation is like a good address.“ It is as if she can look upon a person and always see the full span of a life. Now she has taken a measure of her years and judged that, at last, she can stop. Let us read the old ones over again.
21、 There are lots of them.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraphs we can learn that _. A. a happy life is the life after retirement B. Dear Life proved a big failure C. retirement is viewed as a pleasant life period by writers D. Munro retired when she was young（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A job of a writer i
22、s often thought to be _? A. freely scheduled B. fertilized with food C. related to physical excise D. finished after dinners（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What can we infer from the third paragraph? A. Great writers are favored by the muse. B. Writing is actually a hard job requiring continuous efforts. C. Yo
23、u know exactly what the work is like when you begin to write. D. Philip Roth worked with the 9-to-5 crowd.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the last paragraph, Munro is adept in _. A. drawing drafts B. perceiving the traits of characters C. rewriting her works D. judging someones goodness（分数：2.00）A.
24、B.C.D.(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. How to Be Great Writers B. What Consists A Happy Life C. Writing Is A Job Of Elegance D. Why Should A Writer Retire（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BText 2/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years, smokers have been exhorted to take the initiative and quit
25、: use a nicotine patch, chew nicotine gum, take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if th
26、ey focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit.The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the U
27、niversity of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends.It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fe
28、ll to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effect-smokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping Uen masse/U. So were clusters of clusters
29、that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said. “Whole constellations are blinking off at once.“As cluster after
30、 cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers.“ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health
31、,“ he said. “But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away.“There is an essential public health message,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obvi
32、ously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior, “ Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, “can just overpower free will.“ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Schroeder of the University of California, San F
33、rancisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smoking persons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both.“（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statement
34、s is true according to the opening paragraph? A. Smokers have been prevented from quit smoking for years. B. It is rare that smokers make a decision to quit. C. It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups. D. Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The w
35、ord “en masse“ (line 4, paragraph 3) most probably means _. A. at large B. all together C. in the end D. respectively（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying “but now theyve become wallflowers“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler intends to show that _. A. those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking
36、 B. those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups C. those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties D. those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can we conclude from the last paragraph? A. Social responsibi
37、lity is widely-acknowledged. B. Smokers ignoring social environment are self-centered. C. Going on smoking is wrong-headed. D. Social influence on smoking is double-edged.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking B. How
38、 to Quit Smoking Efficiently C. Ripple Effect within Social Networks D. Marginalization of Smoking Is Dangerous（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The willingness of doctors at several major medical centers to apologize to patients for harmful errors is a promising step toward improving the
39、rather disappointing quality of a medical system that kills tens of thousands of innocent patients a year inadvertently.For years, experts have lamented that medical malpractice litigation is an inefficient way to deter lethal or damaging medical errors. What they noticed, simply put it, is that mos
40、t victims of malpractice never sue, and there is some evidence that many patients who do sue were not harmed by a physicians error but instead suffered an adverse medical outcome that could not have been prevented. The details of what went wrong are often kept secret as part of a settlement agreemen
41、t.What is needed, many specialists agree, is a system that quickly brings an error to light so that further errors can be headed off and that compensates victims promptly and fairly. Many doctors, unfortunately, have been afraid that admitting and describing their errors would only invite a costly l
42、awsuit.Now, as described by Kevin Sack in The Times, a handful of prominent academic medical centers have adopted a new policy of promptly disclosing errors, offering earnest apologies and providing fair compensation. It appears to satisfy many patients, reduce legal costs and the litigation burden
43、and, in some instances, helps reduce malpractice premiums. Here are some examples from colleges of the United States: at the University of Illinois, of 37 cases where the hospital acknowledged a preventable error and apologized, only one patient filed suit; at the University of Michigan Health Syste
44、m, existing claims and lawsuits dropped from 262 in August 2001 to 83 in August 2007, and legal costs fell by two-thirds.To encourage greater candor, more than 30 states have enacted laws making apologies for medical errors inadmissible in court. That sounds like a sensible step that should be adopt
45、ed by other states or become federal law. Such laws could help bring more errors to light. Patients who have been harmed by negligent doctors can still sue for malpractice, using other evidence to make their case.Admitting errors is only the first step toward reforming the health care system so that
46、 far fewer mistakes are made. But reforms can be more effective if doctors are candid about how they went astray. Patients seem far less angry when they receive an honest explanation, an apology and prompt, fair compensation for the harm they have suffered.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is tru
47、e according to the first two paragraphs? A. Doctors confession of mistakes and apologies help to better medical care. B. Experts believe it an inefficient way for patients to sue for their livery. C. Mistreated patients never sue once suffer an unpreventable adverse medical outcome. D. The details of patients conditions are often kept secret.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).While many specialties call for a disclosure mechanism, some physicians are worrying about _. A. exposure to the media B. describing their mistakes in details C. compensatin
