1、考研英语-222 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in histor
2、y. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animalsU (1) /Uthey, too, reliedupon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humansU (2) /Ua cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviatingU (3) /Uof a disease orU (4) /Uthe condition of a woun
3、d.U (5) /Uthere was so much that primitive humans did notU (6) /Uthe functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heathU (7) /UTherefore it is notU (8) /Uthat early humans thought that illness was causedU (9) /Uevil spirit. Primitive medicin
4、es made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual toU (10) /Uharmful spirit from a diseased body.One of the. earliestU (11) /Uin the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought andU (12) /Uof supernatural phenomena is
5、 found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writingU (13) /Uto him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famousU (14) /U, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowl
6、edge should be derived from aU (15) /Uof the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In thisU (16) /Uthesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being isU (17) /Uby the totality of environmentalU (18) /U: living habits or lifestyle, climate, ge
7、ography of the land, and the quality of air, and food.U (19) /Uenough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places areU (20) /Uvery much written in twentieth century.（分数：10.00）A.in thatB.now thatC.becauseD.so thatA.identifiedB.recognizedC.admittedD.esteemedA.symbolsB.signsC.s
8、ymptomsD.syndromesA.arrangingB.adjustingC.developingD.improvingA.WhileB.AlthoughC.ProvidedD.SinceA.confirmB.appreciateC.tolerateD.discoverA.damagesB.agitationC.disordersD.collapseA.surprisingB.obviousC.promisingD.unwiseA.inB.byC.offD.upA.dischargeB.excludeC.dismissD.expelA.expeditionB.incentivesC.st
9、imuliD.endeavorsA.foundationB.rejectionC.integrationD.acceptanceA.attributedB.committedC.acknowledgedD.confinedA.attractionsB.subscriptionsC.contributionsD.functionsA.creationB.expectationC.perceptionD.preferenceA.durableB.classicC.thoroughD.immediateA.impressedB.surpassedC.influencedD.regardedA.ele
10、mentsB.factorsC.componentsD.depositsA.InterestingB.AppealingC.DemandingD.ExaggeratingA.evenB.indeedC.stillD.moreover二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BReading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEE
11、T 1. BText 1/BWhoever said that Uvictory has many fathers and defeat is an orphan/U, surely had never heard of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the case of the hapless multilateral trade body and its long suffering representatives, the total failure of the opening meeting of the so called Mill
12、ennium trade round has lots of people boasting of their roles in the violent physical struggle. Well. Thats just brilliant. They are proud of being part of a movement that wants to wreck the most important engine of economic growth, prosperity and overall global rising living standards we have-the f
13、reedom of trade and movement of people and goods between nations.The 135-member WTO is composed of sovereign governments wishing to further this goal and ease the settlement of international trade disputes. From the sounds emanating from Seattle, though, it would now seem the WTO has now replaced th
14、e Trilateral Commission and the Freemasons as candidate No. 1 to take over the World.Everybody has his favorite Seattle story. The citys police chief will have plenty of time to think about his, having now resigned in disgrace over the loss of control of downtown Seattle. The Seattle business commun
15、ity may be more inclined to brood over theirs-the poor fools invested $ 9 million to attract the meeting to their fine city. What stands out more? I would nominate the union of steel workers who were marching in protest. UIts an image that will boggle the mind for years to come/U.The debate now is o
16、ver just how effective this anti-globalist coalition will turn out to be. In the heat of the moment, it always looks as though the world as we know it is coming to an end. But the overwhelming likelihood is that we have not actually seen a replay of the anti Vietnam War movement, which had much clea
17、rer focus, obviously, though its consequences were far-reaching. How long, after all, can you protest against cheap imports when those same imports are all over your house?No, the real reason for the disaster in Seattle is political, and reports coming out of the meeting point to President Clinton a
18、s a major culprit. Which may be both good and bad. Taking the long view, other trade rounds have had difficult beginnings, too. It took years to get the Uruguay Round under way, which finally happened in 1986. Thankfully, we will soon be electing another president, and it should be someone whose act
19、ions match his rhetoric.Still, it is a disgrace that the worlds greatest trading nation, i.e. the United States, is currently led by a man whose motivations are so narrowly political and egocentric that he has now wrecked any chance of entering the history books as a champion of free trade.（分数：10.00
20、）(1).The statement “victory has rnany fathers and defeat is an orphan“ (Para. 1) is used to introduce（分数：2.00）A.the victory of suffering representatives.B.the failure of WTOs opening meeting.C.the role of international free trade.D.the dynamics of economic growth.(2).It is implied in the first sente
21、nce that the failure of Millennium trade round could be attributed to（分数：2.00）A.factors other than a movement.B.violent labor disputes.C.mislead political motivations.D.troubled trade unions.(3).By saying that “Its an image that will boggle the mind for years to come,“ (Paragraph 3) the author means
22、 that the debate in Seattle proves to be（分数：2.00）A.dubiously-oriented.B.quite transient.C.self-contradictory.D.fairly consequential.(4).The author is obviously critical of President Clinton for（分数：2.00）A.his failure to match his words with his actions.B.his lack of historical knowledge about the WTO
23、.C.his putting the issue in a wrong perspective.D.his exaggeration of WTOs economic role.(5).From the text we can see that the writer seems（分数：2.00）A.optimistic.B.gloomy.C.disgraced.D.proud.BText 2/B“Popular art“ has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision, which range from fol
24、klore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930s for example, has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great po
25、pular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music-folk themes-in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a different one: he took a popular genre-bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera) a
26、nd, without altering its fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. This remains one of the greatest achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing the essential trashiness of the genre.As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the
27、typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine-usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class-is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity or secret greed of the leaders of th
28、e proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first perf
29、ormed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.Or consider Verdis treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which al
30、lowed the singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence was the singers vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other op
31、eras. Verdis characters, on the other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity. Even if, in many casals, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama, the integrity of the character is achieved through the music: once he had become established. Verdi did not rewrite his music for differenf si
32、ngers or countenance alterations or substitutions of somebody elses arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage is mainly（分数：2.00）A.a survey of drama music.B.about t
33、he elements in popular music.C.a review of popular art.D.about dramatic economy and effectiveness.(2).The writer asserts that the definition of popular art is（分数：2.00）A.quite accurate.B.rather elusive.C.fairly clear.D.very dubious.(3).it can be inferred from the text that the achievements by Verdi（分
34、数：2.00）A.are too subtle to recognize.B.defy any precise definition.C.are the envy of his times.D.earn him great reputation.(4).The writer mentions the political elements in 19th century opera to illustrate（分数：2.00）A.the political messages exposed.B.the universal recognition of high art.C.the intende
35、d changes in popular art.D.heroes and heroines mental states.(5).According to the text, Verdis creative treatment of characters is performed through（分数：2.00）A.his frequent re-writing of an opera.B.his coherent psychological portrayal.C.his consistent aspiration to high art.D.his effective maneuvers
36、of music.BText 3/BBiologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem serve a biolog
37、ically useful purpose. In a divided world, a laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. An
38、d laughter, in turn, depends on the most complex and subtle of all-human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplains early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no
39、matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, “Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way. “A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from refined tinkle to an
40、 earthquaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy i
41、s not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lopsided view of things.This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war, political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circums
42、tances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great s
43、atirist like Swift writes about wars in Gullivers Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they cant agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we are meant to laugh; hut we are meant to weep too. It is no wonder that in totalitarian regimes any satire against t
44、he Establishment is wholly banned. It is too powerful weapon to be allowed to flourish.The sense of humor must be singled out as mans most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative-these are quali
45、ties we share with other forms oflife. But the sense of humor is an unique human quality. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.（分数：10.00）(1).The author quotes Dr. Samuel Johnsons words to（分数：2.00）A.spotlight the unifying force of a sense
46、 of humor.B.stress the harmony between individuals and society.C.highlight the incomparable luxury of humor.D.show the distinction between humans and animals.(2).Acording to the author, “political fanatics“ (Para. 2) more often than not fall victim to（分数：2.00）A.political realities.B.wild illusions.C
47、.adverse comments.D.noble qualities.(3).According to the 4th paragraph, what interests the author is that some politicians fail to（分数：2.00）A.perceive the value of humor.B.gain a correct sense of values.C.distinguish comedy from tragedy.D.realize dangers of hypocrisy.(4).To which of the following is
48、the author likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.Government agencies are often an inappropriate subject for humor.B.A sense of humor inevitably prompts us to take ourselves seriously.C.Many issues on trivialities may arise for lack of a sense of humor.D.The pursuit for happiness is one of the greatest goals in
49、 our life.(5).The best title for the text may be（分数：2.00）A.“Various functions of humor.“B.“Develop all-human qualities.“C.“Different solutions to conflicts.“D.“Make use of humor wisely.“BText 4/BThe housing market has been for two years propping up consumers spirits while the rest of the economy lies exhausted on the floor,
