1、考研英语-20 及答案解析(总分：66.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system.U U 1 /U /Uthe system itself is in reality a mosaic,U U 2 /U /Uof thousands of smaller units-building blocks which toget
2、herU U 3 /U /Uthe whole. There are 50 state governmentsU U 4 /U /Uthe government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units,U U 5 /U /Ucounties, cities, towns and villages. ThisU U 6 /U /Uof governmental units is best understoodU U 7 /U /Uthe evolution of the Un
3、ited States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in theU U 8 /U /Uprocess. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of theU U 9 /U /Ucolonies (later states) and prior toU U 10 /U /U, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11) by the early
4、English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tinyU U 11 /U /Uthey established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked U U 12 /U /Utheir ship in 1620, theyU U 13 /U /Uthe Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed
5、U U 14 /U /Ueach frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U. S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental systemU U 15 /U /U. While they made the national structure supreme, they wiselyU U 16 /U /Uthe need for a series of governments more directly
6、 inU U 17 /U /Uwith the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certainUU 18 /U /Usuch as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations-could only be managed by a strong centralized government. ButU U 19 /U /Usuch as sanitation, education and local transportation-belong mainly
7、to local jurisdictions(管辖权).（分数：10.00）(1). A. Therefore B. Eventually C. But D. Presumably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2). A. comprised B. consisted C. constituted D. composed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3). A. take up B. occupy C. make up D. crowd into（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4). A. including B. among C. plus D. excepting（分数：0
8、.50）A.B.C.D.(5). A. governing B. such as C. for example D. like（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6). A. multiplicity B. multiplication C. qualification D. reference（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7). A. in terms of B. concerning C. in view of D. given（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8). A. revolutionary B. evolutionary C. development D. prelim
9、inary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9). A. separate B. independent C. individual D. federal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10). A. it B. that C. those D. which（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11). A. made B. execute C. discharge D. accomplished（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12). A. villages B. settlements C. places D. units（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13). A. in B
10、. at C. from D. units（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14). A. wrote B. suggested C. implicated D. formulated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15). A. westward B. forward C. downward D. southward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16). A. intuitive B. unfinished C. untouched D. unfavorable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17). A. found B. recorded C. entered D. re
11、cognized（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18). A. line B. contact C. harmony D. connection（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19). A. functions B. policies C. obligations D. topics（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20). A. others B. needs C. for D. any（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00
12、)Forget Iraq and budget deficits. The most serious political problem on both sides of the Atlantic is none of these. It is a difficulty that has dogged the ruling classes for millennia. It is the servant problem.In Britain David Blunkett, the home secretary, has resigned over an embarrassment ( or o
13、ne of many embarrassments, in a story involving his ex-girlfriend, her husband, two pregnancies and some DNA) concerning a visa for a Filipina nanny employed by his mistress. His office speeded it through for reasons unconnected to the national shortage of un skilled labour. Mr Blunkett resigned ahe
14、ad of a report by Sir Alan Budd, an economist who is investigating the matter at the government s request.In America Bernard Kerik, the president s nominee for the Department of Homeland Security, withdrew last week because he had carelessly employed a Mexican nanny whose Play-Doh skills were in bet
15、ter order than her paperwork. Mr Kerik also remembered that he hadn t paid her taxes. The nominee has one or two other “issues“ ( an arrest warrant in 1998, and allegations of dodgy business dealings and extra-marital affairs). But employing an illegal nanny would probably have been enough to undo h
16、im, as it has several other cabinet and judicial appointees in recent years.There is an easy answer to the servant problem-obvious to economists, if not to the less clear-sighted. Perhaps Sir Alan, a dismal scientist of impeccable rationality, will be thoughtful enough to point it out in his report.
17、Parents are not the only people who have difficulty getting visas for workers. All employers face restrictive immigration policies which raise labour costs. Some may respond by trying to fiddle the immigration system, but most deal with the matter by exporting jobs. In the age of the global economy,
18、 the solution to the servant problem is simple: rather than importing the nanny, offshore the children.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the text, the servant problem is to the ruling class what A. the political problem to the ruler. B. the embarrassment to the home secretary. C. the chronic ailment to the
19、patient. D. the government s request to the economist.（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).In paragraph 1, “both sides of the Atlantic“ probably refers to A. the United States and United Kingdom. B. the European and American. C. the North America and Europe. D. the North American continent and the British Isles. （分
20、数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 2 and 3 are written to A. explain Mr Blunkett s resignation. B. refute the conclusion made by Mr Kerit. C. describe the presidents nomination. D. illustrate the persistent servant problem. （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).How does the author feel about Mr Alan? A. His dismal thought
21、 is impractical. B. His relevant argument is acceptable. C. His apparent solution is implausible. D. His clear-sighted report is most trust-worthy. （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following can be inferred from the text? A. Getting visa for servants will not be a problem. B. Sir Alan is qualified
22、to be a dismal scientist. C. The majority gets rid of the traditional solution. D. Exporting jobs and fiddling the immigration system are detrimental. （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.五、BText 2/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same
23、words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so
24、much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had no
25、t.Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seen is to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy stor
26、ies.Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity. with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of the fear faced and mastered. There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that gia
27、nts, witches, two -headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not kno
28、w how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of mad men attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the ext
29、ernal world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.（分数：4.00）(1).The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is _. A. repeated without variation B. treated with reverence C. adapted by the parent D. set in the present（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).Some people dislike fairy storie
30、s because they feel that they _. A. tempt people to be cruel to children B. show the primitive cruelty in children C. lend themselves to undesirable experiments with children D. increase a tendency to sadism in children（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).Fairy stories are a means by which childrens impulses may be
31、 _. A. beneficially channeled B. given a destructive tendency C. held back until maturity D. effectively suppressed（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it _. A. makes them come to term with their fears B. develops their power of memory C. c
32、onvinces them there is nothing to be afraid of D. encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that _. A. fairy stories are still being made up B. there is confusion about different kinds of truth C. people t
33、ry to modernise old fairy stories D. there is more concern for children s fears nowadays（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why
34、one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matt
35、er have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture“.Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe that our persona
36、lities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to suc
37、h a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture “theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner sees hu
38、mans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain
39、human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.（分数：4.00）(1).Which one of the following statements would supporters of the “nature“ theory agree with? A. A persons instin
40、cts have little effect on his action B. Environment is important in determining a persons behavior and personality C. Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act D. The behaviorists view correctly explains how we act（分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(2).Which one of the following statements would propon
41、ents of the “nurture “theory agree with?_. A. Persons character is greatly influenced by his environment B. Behaviorist theory is not correct C. Biologically based instincts are important in how we act D. Environment has little to do with behavior （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(3).B. F. Skinner_. A. supports the
42、 nature theory B. believes in the importance of genes in determining personality C. thinks the environment plays an important role in determining character D. believes instincts govern behavior （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(4).Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article_. A. supports t
43、he nature theory B. supports the nurture theory C. believes both are completely wrong D. thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.(5).In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests, with this in
44、 mind, which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE?_. A. Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks B. Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment C. Behaviorists would say that Black often lack the e
45、ducational and environmental nadvantages that Whites enjoy D. Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to whites （分数：0.80）A.B.C.D.七、BText 4/B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)White people tend to be nervous of raising the subject of race and education, but are often voluble on the issue
46、if a black person brings it up. So when Trevor Phillips, chair man of Britain s Commission for Racial Equality, said that there was a particular problem with black boys performance at school, and that it might be a good idea to educate them apart from other pupils, there was a torrent of comment. So
47、me of it commended his proposal, and some criticized it, but none of it questioned its premise. Everybody accepts that black boys are a problem.On the face of it, it looks as though Mr Phillips is right. Only 27% of Afro-Caribbean boys get five A-C grades at GCSE, the exams taken by 16-year-olds, compared with 47% of boys as a Whole and 44% of Afro-Caribbean girls. Since, in some subjects, candidates who score less than 50% get Cs, those who don t reach this threshold have picked up pretty little at school.Mr Phi
