1、考研英语-182 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A. B. C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Millions of dollars often depend on the choice of which commercial to use in launching a new product. So
2、 you show the commercials to aU (1) /Uof typical consumers and ask their opinion. The answers you get can sometimes lead you into a bigU (2) /U. Respondents may lie just to be polite.Now some companies and major advertisingU (3) /Uhave been hiring voice detectives who test your normal voice and then
3、 record you on tapeU (4) /Ucommenting on a product. A computer analyzes the degree and direction of changeU (5) /Unormal. One kind of divergence of pitch means the subjectU (6) /UAnother kind means he was really enthusiastic. In a testing of two commercialsU (7) /Uchildren, they were. vocally, about
4、 equallyU (8) /Uof both. but the computer reported their emotionalU (9) /Uin the two was totally different.Most major commercials are sent for testing to theatersU (10) /Uwith various electronic measuring devices. People regarded asU (11) /Uare brought in off the street. Viewers can push buttons toU
5、 (12) /Uwhether they are interested or bored.Newspaper and magazine groups became intensely interested in testing their ads for a productU (13) /UTV ads for the same product. They were interested because the mainU (14) /U of evidence shows that peopleU (15) /Ua lot more mental activity when they rea
6、dU (16) /Uwhen they sit in front of the TV set. TV began to beU (17) /U“a low-involvement“U (18) /U. It is contended that low involvement means that there is lessU (19) /Uthat the ad message will be U(20) /U. BNotes:/B commercial 广告。pitch 音调。（分数：10.00）A.packB.flockC.multipleD.bulkA.lossB.panicC.bene
7、fitD.surpriseA.hostsB.advocatesC.agenciesD.opponentsA.asB.ifC.thoughD.whileA.towardB.intoC.fromD.toA.aggravatedB.liedC.boastedD.misunderstoodA.withB.aboutC.onD.ofA.conformingB.agreeingC.conceivingD.approvingA.involvementB.responseC.reflectionD.moodA.fedB.suppliedC.providedD.equippedA.independentB.or
8、dinaryC.typicalD.averageA.demonstrateB.designateC.debateD.indicateA.as withB.againstC.as toD.underA.numberB.seriesC.bodyD.proportionA.exhibitB.extendC.expandD.exertA.orB.thanC.andD.versusA.regardedB.labeledC.assumedD.recognizedA.meansB.methodC.mediumD.measureA.opportunityB.scopeC.chanceD.capacityA.r
9、ejectedB.reviewedC.revivedD.remembered二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B. C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. BText 1/BIn s perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employergo
10、vernment or private should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However. if there is discrimination against one sex. it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimina
11、tion would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus one would expect that. if women are being discriminated against, government emp
12、loyment would have a positive effect on womens earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchss results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent g
13、reater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either gover
14、nment or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers
15、 were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Browns research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the studys results.
16、Browns results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.One can infer from Browns results that consumers discriminat
17、e against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.Browns results are clearly consistent with Fuchss argument that discrimination by consumers has
18、a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that governmen
19、t does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on womens earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（分数：10.00）(1).The author would be most likely to agree with which of
20、the following conclusions?（分数：2.00）A.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on womens earnings.B.If private employers and government employers discriminate, the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on womens earnings.C.Private employers d
21、iscriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.D.Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.(2).According to Browns study, womens, earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?（分数：2.00）A.Governm
22、ent employment, self-employment, private employment.B.Private employment, self-employment, government employment.C.Government employment, private employment, self-employment.D.Self-employment, private employment, government employment.(3).The text mentions all of the following as difficulties that s
23、elf-employed women may encounter EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.discrimination from suppliers and consumers.B.discrimination from financial institutions.C.problems in obtaining good employees.D.problems in obtaining government assistance.(4).It can be inferred from the text that what is stated in the last paragra
24、ph is most probably（分数：2.00）A.Browns elaboration of his research results.B.Browns tentative inferences from his data.C.Browns conclusions based on common-sense reasoning.D.the authors conclusion, based on Fuchss and Browns results.(5).The best title which describes the content of the text as a whole
25、 would be（分数：2.00）A.The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Womens Earnings.B.How Discrimination Affects Womens Choice of Type of Employment.C.The Necessity for Eliminating Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy.D.The Relative Effec
26、t of Private Employer Discrimination on Mens Earnings as Compared to Womens Earnings:BText 2/BIn the past, American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wis
27、hed it. To create and to impart, these were the distinctive features of American higher education prior to the most recent, disorderly decades of the twentieth century. The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational sk
28、ills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems. In a subtle way Americans believed higher education to be useful, but not necessarily of immediate use.Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities. Institutions of higher learning-public or private-
29、commonly face the challenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community.This service role has various applications. Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets, to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobil
30、ity, to achieve racial, ethnic, or social integration, or more generally to produce “productive“ as compared to “educated“ graduates. Regardless of its precise definition, the idea of a service-university has won acceptance within the academic community.One need only be reminded of the change in lan
31、guage describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative “junior“ college label and is generally called a “community“ college, a clearly value-laden expression r
32、epresenting the latest commitment in higher education. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “union card“ in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professo
33、rs classroom duties. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function communicating knowledge to students, expanding the content of various disciplines, and interacting in a direct relationship with society has been the most important change in higher education in recent years.Thi
34、s novel development, however, is often overlooked. Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that have a “service“ or vocational orientation. It is important to know this. But some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the im
35、pact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to, if not resolve, the problems of society. Whats worse, they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-universitywhat is higher education supposed to do?（分数：10.00）(1).The opening paragraph is written in order to state（分数：2.00）A.t
36、he future usefulness of the knowledge obtained in college.B.the missions of different educational institutions in America.C.the purpose of American postsecondary education in the past.D.the history of the development of American higher education.(2).One of the recent, important changes in higher edu
37、cation relates to（分数：2.00）A.curriculum updates,B.service-education concepts.C.imparting knowledge to students.D.combining education with production.(3).The service role of colleges specifically aims to（分数：2.00）A.improve services.B.serve the community.C.provide skills for future use.D.make graduates
38、employable.(4).It can be inferred from the text that there exists a tendency to（分数：2.00）A.play down the service-university.B.highlight service-education functions.C.alter the mission of primary education.D.exaggerate the change in higher education.(5).The authors attitude towards the service-educati
39、on concept is（分数：2.00）A.radical.B.impartial.C.optimistic.D.supportive.BText 3/BIn the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with th
40、e largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1016 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following bol
41、l weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North
42、is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern citie
43、s prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category rough
44、ly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South
45、.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obs
46、olescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries-tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could ear
47、n more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who Were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.
48、Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural backgrounds comes into question. BNotes:/B boll weevil infestation 棉铃虫蔓延。cessation 中止，停止。mason 泥瓦
49、匠。recruiter 招募者。influx 流入，涌入。（分数：10.00）(1).The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?（分数：2.00）A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.B.The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.C.The federal census of 1910.D.Advertise
