1、考研英语(二)-16 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Space Shuttle Project is one of the first huge-typed spaceflight instruments used for many times in the world, organized by American National Aviation and Spaceflight Bureau, the main researches of 1 are researching and making
2、 the system of space shuttle, suggesting and choosing 2 and landing ports, deciding the scheme of reclaiming the roll booster of solid rocket, 3 the establishment of repairing the roll booster, and rebuilding and expanding the building of the 4 and controlling system. At the beginning of 1969, the U
3、nited States set up a group that specially researched the development direction of spaceflight with 5 for the next stage, 6 by deputy president. After 7 and research, it suggested that an aerocraft with great benefits in 8 should be made, eg 9 the spaceflight being its leading stanchion. In this pro
4、ject, five orbit implements were prescribed to be made, 10 “Exploitation“, “Columbia“, “Challenger“, “Discovery“ and “Atlands“. In 1970, spaceflight got into an all-round 11 of research and manufacture. The whole-project had to delay more than three years. Five orbit implements were 12 to be four an
5、d flight experiment for six times was also decreased for four, 13 the number of production was cut down, according to the original scheme. In April 1971 this 14 was decided that Kennedy Space Centre was used for the launching and landing port for space shuttles, and Edwards Air Base was used for the
6、 15 landing port. In February 1977, “Exploitation“ Orbit Implement started to have entering and landing experiments in Edwards Air Base. From May 12, 1981 to July 4, 1982, “Columbia“ Space Shuttle successfully finished four flight experiments for research and manufacture, 16 meant that the 17 and ma
7、nufactures were over in 18 form. It 19 about 12 years and cost more than 75 billion US dollars to finish the whole project. On November 11, 1990, space shuttles began to fly for 20 .（分数：10.00）A.whatB.whichC.whereD.thatA.labelingB.haulingC.hawkingD.launchingA.buildingB.breachingC.breedingD.buggingA.o
8、bscuringB.rejectingC.observingD.refiningA.peopleB.memberC.manD.personA.ledB.deprivedC.leakedD.dilutedA.weaponB.investigationC.wisdomD.irritationA.economicsB.financeC.accountingD.economyA.inB.withC.byD.throughA.modifiedB.propelledC.namedD.provokedA.convictionB.stageC.contextD.standA.dedicatedB.booste
9、dC.browsedD.decreasedA.asB.ifC.thoughD.onceA.parallelB.outfitC.programmeD.outletA.uniformB.sparkC.unityD.spareA.whereasB.whatC.whetherD.whichA.resolutionB.renaissanceC.researchesD.resemblanceA.dueB.soberC.drasticD.feebleA.spentB.tookC.consumedD.absorbedA.commerceB.businessC.tradeD.transaction二、Secti
10、on Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years, sports fanatics have turned to statistics to help them gauge the relative strength or weaknesses of different teams, though some have been more amenable to the process than others. Baseball and football, for exampl
11、e, seem to have a statistic for every action that occurs on the field of play, with different players ranked and rated by their numbers. International football, aka soccer on the other hand has generally defied such attempts due to their being far fewer things to measure with the sport and the conti
12、nuity of play. That may change however, as mathematicians Javier Lpez Pe ? a and Hugo Touchette of University College and Queen Mary University respectively, have applied network theory to the unique style of play of the European Championship 2012 victor, Spain. And as they describe in the paper the
13、y“ve uploaded to the preprint server arXiv, the graphic that results gives some clues as to why the team is considered one of the best of all time. Anyone who has watched the Spanish team knows that their style of play is different from other teams. It“s been given a name by fans: tiki-taka. It“s al
14、l about quick passes and exquisite teamwork. But trying to describe what the team does only leads to superlatives, which don“t really get to the heart of the matter. To help, Pe ? a and Touchette turned to network theory, which makes sense, because soccer is played as a network of teammates working
15、efficiently together. The two used a simple drawing depicting players as nodes and their relationship to one another on the team, the amount of passing that is done between them, the way it is done and to whom, as lines between the nodes. What shows up in the drawing first, is what everyone already
16、knows, namely, that the team passes the ball among its players a lot. More than a lot actually. In one match during 2010“s World Cup between Spain and the Netherlands, the Spanish players out-passed their opponent 417 to 266. The drawing also highlights the fact that two players on the team are “wel
17、l connected“ i.e. easy for others to get to, versus just one for the opponent. In many ways the graphic confirms what most suspect, that Spain wins more because it relies more on precise teamwork rather than the special skills of one or two superstars.（分数：10.00）(1).What, according to the text, has l
18、ong been employed as a means of related assessment?（分数：2.00）A.The nicknames of sports fanatics.B.The amenable tendency of each team.C.The collection of information shown in numbers.D.The relative strength or weakness of the process.(2).Tiki-taka is characterized by _.（分数：2.00）A.the remarkable activi
19、ty of working well togetherB.the craze of sports fansC.the first drawing by its opponentD.the disconnection of two players(3).Which of the following is the writer“s attitude toward the employment of network theory?（分数：2.00）A.Skeptical.B.Indifferent.C.Unique.D.Sympathetic.(4).By “the team passes the
20、ball among its players a lot“, the author implies _.（分数：2.00）A.fierce contestB.close collaborationC.hostile oppositionD.marvelous technique(5).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.special skills of one or two superstars worksB.much teamwork leads to Spainish winningC.cl
21、ear and accurate coordination mattersD.precise graphs confirms what many suspect五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Barack Obama spent much time on the campaign trail proposing a dramatic vision to change not only the United States for the better, but also the world. The candidate outlined a new, multilateral g
22、lobal order with America still leading, particularly regarding hard power, but sharing more burdens with others. There was a strong “anything but Bush“ flavor in many of Obama“s campaign-trail foreign policies, such as his opposition to the Iraq war, his willingness to pragmatically negotiate with d
23、ictators, and his emphasis on a multilateral dimension to American foreign policy. He wantedat least rhetoricallyto bend the arc of history towards justice, freedom, progress, and prosperity. Has he fulfilled his vision during his first three years in the Oval Office? That is the question addressed
24、by Bending History , a new book that offers a timely and insightful analysis of Obama“s foreign policy performance and what he could do if he wins a second term. Although national interests have been fairly well protected, the authors believe that Obama“s first three years in the Oval Office are def
25、ined by a considerable gap between his vision and his record. Despite limited success, the president has not yet bent history in any major way, especially when measured against his own standards. Importantly, the authors argue that robust and strategic foreign policy cannot be achieved without havin
26、g one“s domestic affairs in order. Sadly, according to the authors, America has not done what it should to sustain its future global primacy. The country has been disinvesting in infrastructure and education, walking away from a serious program for clean energy, failing to address social divisions,
27、and making merely partial fixes to the financial system that produced the crisis of 2008. Whoever occupies the Oval Office come 2013, Obama“s foreign policy successes will matter little if the economy fails to sustain American power. The authors conclude that Obama“s foreign policy to date has been
28、more pragmatic than visionary. It suggests no clear road map for the future, no particularly compelling overall strategy for how the president would advance American interests and bend history in a second term. Obama“s accomplishments should be better understood as effective damage control than hist
29、oric breakthroughs. Overall the book“s analysis is compelling, although more attention might have been paid to the president“s own role as a political leader and a strategic thinker. But all things considered, Bending History does a superb job of detailing what happened during the first three years
30、of Obama“s presidency. It provides a timely and insightful analysis worth reading for anyone interested in U.S. foreign policy.（分数：10.00）(1).By “There was a strong “anything but Bush“ flavor in many of Obama“s campaign-trail foreign policies“, the author implies that _.（分数：2.00）A.a discrepancy in th
31、eir foreign policies existsB.a stimulus to their group dynamics is createdC.an obstacle to social progress is observedD.their undesirable behaviors in foreign campaign emerge(2).The term “bent“ (Paragraph 3) denotes _.（分数：2.00）A.guardedB.recognizedC.gaugedD.adjusted(3).What, in paragraph 4, is stres
32、sed by the writer of the text?（分数：2.00）A.The biological factors of domestic plants and animals.B.The flaws of a serious program.C.The significance of internal status.D.A long-lasting effect of social division.(4).According to the text, the book“s analysis might be improved if _.（分数：2.00）A.our networ
33、k of friends is enhanced for future global primacyB.more discussion is made on Obama“s role as a strategic thinkerC.the president“s role as a political leader is totally deletedD.negative health habits are removed by Obama“s political advisers(5).The text appears to be a digest of _.（分数：2.00）A.a sci
34、entific paperB.a magazine featureC.a newspaper editorialD.a book review六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The American dream is that any child can make it from the bottom to the top. That may still be true in politics; the son of a Kenyan immigrant, raised partly by his grandparents, is now president of the Un
35、ited States. But it is much less true, in economic terms, than most Americans think. Social mobility is less easy in America than in other countries. For example, three-quarters of Danes born in the lowest-earning 20% of the population escape their plight in adulthood. Seven out of ten poor children
36、 in supposedly class-ridden Britain achieve the same feat. But fewer than six in ten Americans do so. Similarly, with rags-to-riches stories. It is far less common for Americans from the bottom 20% in childhood to move into the top 20% in adulthood than it is in Denmark or in Britain. On the whole,
37、America“s wealthy prosper while the average citizen struggles. The pay workers get has failed to move in line with productivity in the past 30 years. But Americans have yet to realise the extent of this tectonic shift. Joseph Stiglitz, a Nobel prize-winner in economics and a regular critic of libera
38、l capitalism, addresses this issue in his new book, which he wrote in response to the Occupy Wall Street protesters. Indeed, he argues that their slogan, “We are the 99% “, echoes an article entitled, “Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1% “, that he wrote in Vanity Fair in May 2011. To Mr Stiglitz, this
39、 inequality is the result of public policy being captured by an elite who have feathered their own nests at the expense of the rest. They have used their power to distort political debate, pushing through tax cuts to favour the rich and adjusting monetary policy to favour the banks. Many of the new
40、rich are not entrepreneurs but “rent-seekers“, he says, who use monopoly power to boost profits. When it comes to solutions to the inequality problem, Mr Stiglitz wants a top income tax rate of “well in excess of“ 50%, targeted fiscal stimulus and greater bank regulation. Here, perhaps, he might hav
41、e been more open about the tradeoffs. Controls on bank leverage, caps on interest rates and greater protection for bankrupts are all likely to reduce bank lending at a time when there already is a credit squeeze. He admits that the 2009 fiscal stimulus was “not as well designed as it could have been
42、“, but blithely hopes that the convoluted American budget-setting process will result in much better stimulus packages in future. Whether or not he has the right answers, Mr Stiglitz is surely right to focus on the issue. Across the developed world, the average worker is suffering a squeeze in livin
43、g standards while bankers and chief executives are still doing very nicely. This dichotomy is bound to have social and political consequences.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that（分数：2.00）A.a supplement to the social cure is hardly made in the StatesB.a stimulus to econ
44、omic dynamics is readily launched in the EastC.an impetus to social progress is directly consolidated for both the rich and the poor in the worldD.a dream from being extremely poor to being very rich is hardly realized in the States(2).The figures noted in the third paragraph indicate _.（分数：2.00）A.s
45、ocial inequalityB.liberal criticismC.economic prizeD.regular slogan(3).According to the text, the culprit of the social phenomenon revealed in the 3rd paragraph is _.（分数：2.00）A.the Occupy Wall Street protesterB.a sort of public policyC.the current functions of state fundingD.a long-lasting social ef
46、fect of liberal capitalism(4).What advice does the author give to Mr Stiglitz?（分数：2.00）A.Be more tolerant of balancing.B.Stick to behavioral studies.C.Be less dependent upon dreams.D.Get rid of negative attitudes.(5).According to the concluding paragraph, the author has yet to comment upon _.（分数：2.0
47、0）A.the issue addressed by Mr StiglitzB.blueprint of living standards set by bankersC.the answers advanced by Mr StiglitzD.the working performance of chief executives七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)American mythology loves nothing more than the reluctant hero: the man whose natural talents have destined him
48、 for more than obliging obscurity. George Washington, we are told, was a leader who would have preferred to have been a farmer. Thomas Jefferson, a writer. Martin Luther King, Jr., a preacher. These men were roused from lives of perfunctory achievement, our legends have it, not because they chose th
49、eir own exceptionalism, but because we, the people, chose it for them. Weseeing greatness in them that they were too humble to observe themselvesconferred on them uncommon paths. Historical circumstance became its own call of duty, and the logic of democracy proved itself through the answer. Neil Armstrong was a hero of this stripe: constitutionally humble, circumstantially noble. Nearly every obituary written for him this weekend has made a point of emphasizing his sense of privacy, his sense of humility, his sense of the ironic ordin
