1、考研英语(一)-57 及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that 1 a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depr
2、essed but had mothers who 2 recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no 3 or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain 4 while completing a task that could 5 either reward or punishment. 6 with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had 7 neu
3、ral responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. 8 , the high-risk girls showed no 9 in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex(背侧前扣带皮质), which is believed to play a role in 10 past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have greater activa
4、tion of this brain area 11 receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time 12 information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced activation in the stria
5、te(纹状体的)areas commonly observed 13 reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically 14 in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, 15 they have not yet experienced a depressive 16 , “ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. “ 17 , hmgitudinal studie
6、s are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations 18 in this study during the processing of 19 and losses are associated with the 20 onset of depression,“ they“ concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（分数：10.00）A.consistedB.concludedC.embodiedD
7、.includedA.experiencedB.undertookC.subjectedD.experimentedA.personalB.uniqueC.privateD.singleA.explorationsB.examinationsC.detectionsD.scansA.result fromB.result inC.stem fromD.reside inA.WorkedB.RegardedC.CombinedD.ComparedA.strongerB.weakerC.lowerD.higherA.DirectlyB.HardlyC.SpecificallyD.Initially
8、A.movementB.signC.symbolD.activationA.reinforeingB.improvingC.weakeningD.slackingA.whyB.whenC.whereverD.whereasA.processingB.countingC.employingD.implyingA.afterB.amongC.withD.duringA.repairedB.impairedC.healedD.damagedA.becauseB.andC.henceD.choughA.anecdoteB.timeC.episodeD.processA.ClearlyB.Skeptic
9、allyC.NonethelessD.HoweverA.carriedB.observedC.affeetedD.sufferedA.criticismsB.punishmentsC.rewardsD.allowancesA.subsequentB.inadequateC.sequentialD.frequent二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Rupert Murdoch sees beams of light in the American adver
10、tising market, it is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses. Last October, when the impact of September 11th was only beginning to tell, the boss of NASCAR, a media group, had already identified “ strong rays of sunshine“. With ad sales still languishing, Mr. Murdoch declared last month th
11、at “ there are some hints of a modest upswing in tile US advertising market“. His early optimism turned out to be misplaced. Now, however, other industry observers are beginning to agree with him. Advertising usually exaggerates the economic cycle, falling sharply and early in a downturn, and reboun
12、ding strongly once the economy has begun to recover. This is because most managers prefer to trim their ad budgets rather than their payrolls, and restore such spending only once they feel sure that things are looking up. Last year, America“s ad market shrank by 9. 8% , according to CMIR, a research
13、 firm. Although ad spending has not yet recovered across all media, some analysts now expect overall ad spending to start to grow in the third quarter. The signs of improvement are patchy, however. Ad spending on radio and television seems to be inching upadvertising on American National Radio was u
14、p 2% in January on the same period last year, according to Aegiswhile spending on magazines and newspapers is still weak. Even within any one market, there are huge differences; just pick up a copy of one of the now-slimline high-teeh magazines that once bulged with ads, and compare it with the heft
15、y celebrity or women“s titles. Advertisers in some categories, such as the travel industry, are still reluctant to buy space or airtime, while others, such as the car and movie businesses, have been bolder. The winter Olympics, held last month in Salt Lake City, has also distorted the spending on br
16、oadcast advertising in the first quarter. Nonetheless, there is an underlying pattern. One measure is the booking of ad spots for national brands on local television. By early March, according to Mr. Westerfield“s analysis, such bookings were growing fast across eight out of the top ten advertising
17、sectors, led by the financial and motor industries. UBS Warburg now expects the “ upfront“ market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots on the TV networks for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year. On some estimates, even online advertising could pick up by the
18、end of the year.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the author mean by “it is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses“ (Para. 1)?（分数：2.00）A.The sunshine is not terribly strongB.It is not good time to develop advertisingC.There is no need to worry about economy nowD.The real economic recovery has yet to
19、 take place(2).Mr. Murdoch“s early market estimation was_.（分数：2.00）A.exaggerating the situationB.being too cautiousC.underestimating the developmentD.probably describing the reality(3).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Advertising is a sensitive marker of economic chang
20、eB.Managers will first cut salary during economic downturnC.CMR was wrong about last year“s US ad marketD.Advertising spending has started overall growing(4).Signs of improvement are visible in the advertising of_.（分数：2.00）A.high-tech magazines and sports industryB.celebrity magazines and travel ind
21、ustryC.women“s magazines and car industryD.movie industry and high-teeh magazines(5).What is the author“s view of the prospect of US advertising market?（分数：2.00）A.Recovery will be slow but sureB.There will be a big jumpC.Patchy improvement will occurD.The situation will remain pessimistie五、Text 2(总题
22、数：1，分数：10.00)“We“re using the wrong word ,“ says Sean Drysdale, a desperate doctor from a rural hospital at Hlabisa in northern KwaZulu-Natal. “This isn“t an epidemic, it“s a disaster. “ A recent UNIEF report, which states that almost one-third of Swaziland“s 900,000 people are infected with HIV, th
23、e virus that causes AIDS, supports this diagnosis. HIV is spreading faster in southern Africa than anywhere else in the world. But is anyone paying attention? Despite the fact that most of the world“s 33.5 million HIV/AIDS cases are in sub-Saharan Africawith an additional 4 million infected each yea
24、rthe priorities at last week“s Organization of African Unity summit were conflict resolution and economies development. Yet the epidemic could have a greater effect on economic developmentor, rather, the lack of itthan many politicians suspect. While business leaders are more concerned about the 2K
25、millennium bug than the long-term effect of AIDS, statistics show that the workfare in South Africa, for instance, is likely to be 20% HIV positive by next year. Medical officials and researchers warn that not a single country in the region has a cohesive government strategy to tackle the crisis. Th
26、e way managers address AIDS in the workplace will determine whether their companies survive the first decade of the 21st century, says Deane Moore, an actuary for South Africa“s Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Moore estimates that in South Africa there will be 580,000 new AIDS cases a year and
27、a life expectancy of just 38 by 2010. “We“ll be back to the Middle Ages,“ says Drysdale, whose hospital is in one of the areas in South Africa with the highest rates of HIV infection. “ The graph is heading toward the vertical . And yet people are still not taking it seriously. “ Most southern Afric
28、an countries are simply too poor to supply more than basic health services, let alone medicines, to confront the crisis. Patients in some government hospitals in Harare have to supply their own bedding, food, drugs and, in some cases, even their own nurses. Zimbabwe“s frail domestic economy depends
29、to a large extent on informal enterprises and small businesses, many of which are going bankrupt as AIDS takes its toll on owners and employees. “The ripple effect is devastating,“ says Harare AIDS researcher Rene Loewenson. More ominous are the implications for South Africa with a sophisticated ind
30、ustrial infrastructure as well as a widespread informal sector. While the South African government is active in promoting AIDS education, it hasn“t the money, manpower or material to cope with the attack of AIDS.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the sentence “We“re using the wrong word“ in Paragraph 1 mean?（分
31、数：2.00）A.The words “epidemic“ and “disaster“ are misspelled in the UNIEF reportB.The word “epidemic“ is not severe enough to describe the situationC.The word “disaster“ is too severe to describe the situationD.The word “diagnosis“ is left out by some unknown reason(2).What can we learn from Paragrap
32、h 2 and Paragraph 3?（分数：2.00）A.The AIDS problem is not so serious as to catch the governments“ attentionB.Organization of African Unity summit discussed the AIDS problem without any resultC.Neither the political nor the business leaders ease about the AIDS problemD.Statistics show the AIDS problem i
33、n South Africa will be positive by next year(3).By saying “The graph is heading toward the vertical“ ( Para. 4) , Drysdale wants to tell people_.（分数：2.00）A.something is wrong with the statisticsB.the increase of the AIDS cases is fastC.the direction of the graph is a sign of improvementD.people seld
34、om take it seriously(4).Which is the major reason for the AIDS situation in South Africa?（分数：2.00）A.The poor economic power in the African countriesB.The industrial infrastructure is complexC.The informal sector is widespreadD.The lack of government concern(5).What can we infer from the passage?（分数：
35、2.00）A.Some measures must be taken to change the AIDS situationB.All the countries must fight against AIDS problems to protect their economyC.AIDS problems are not serious because they occur just in part of the worldD.The author is optimistic about the AIDS situation六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Surprisin
36、gly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “ Southern“the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britain“s North American empire in the seven
37、teenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recent
38、ly argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests_ upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies we
39、re far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major recitations, the second is far more problematic. What makes t
40、he second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly,Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans
41、as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important and undeniable differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Ame
42、ricans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences. However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not
43、 even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness. A strong interest in polities and the law, and a tendency to cultivate m
44、etropolitan cultural models were not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the large
45、r framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the last Colonial period.（分数：10.00）(1).What do we learn about the cultural history of Brit
46、ain“s North American empire from Paragraph 1 ?（分数：2.00）A.The southern colonies had never existed before 17CB.Historians nowadays ignore it for some reason unknownC.The American culture during the Colonial era was actually New England Puritan CultureD.People today think that history was not recorded
47、by government(2).The word “premises“ (Pard. 2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.presuppositionB.prestigiousC.prevalentD.prejudice(3).What is Davis“ attitude toward the Puritans?（分数：2.00）A.Davis cries for the excessive influence historians attributed to the PuritansB.Davis believes in using the Purita
48、ns as the standard to evaluate the contributions of Southern colonialsC.Davis concerns more about the differences between the Southern and Northern colonialsD.Davis objects to the difference between the Southern and Puritan colonies(4).The most distinctly Puritan aspects of the early New England wer
49、e typical for_.（分数：2.00）A.New England itselfB.EnglandC.MississippiD.Connecticut(5).What is the author“s attitude according to this passage?（分数：2.00）A.PositiveB.NegativeC.SubjectiveD.Objective七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The collapse of Enron, the largest bankruptcy in American history, has rung out a banner year for American business failures. In Europe, the fallout from the Swissair and Sabena insolvencies continues. In the current global slump, more companies are likely to go under. Now is a perfect time to reconsider how to handle such failures: let them sink,
