1、考研英语(一)-54 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feeling. 1 of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless 2 on God“s earth. What we should 3 at producing is men w
2、ho 4 both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start 5 , and their culture will lead them as 6 as philosophy and as high as 7 We have to remember that the valuable 8 development is self-development, and that it 9 takes place betw
3、een the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must 10 of what I will call “inert ideas“ that is to say, ideas that are merely 11 into the mind without being 12
4、, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations. In the history of education, the most 13 phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a craze for genius, in a 14 generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is that they are overlade with inert ideas. Except
5、 at 15 intervals of intellectual motivation, education in the past has been radically 16 with inert ideas. That is the reason why 17 clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible 18 of inert
6、ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity 19 greatness has been a 20 protest against inert ideas.（分数：10.00）A.ChipsB.ScrapsC.FractionsD.PlatesA.boreB.ironyC.snobD.gutA.pointB.aimC.clutchD.snapA.identifyB.occupyC.possessD.ensureA.withB.fromC.intoD.beyondA.linearB.deepC.milit
7、antD.oddA.zoomB.artC.rapD.pollA.rationalB.physiologicalC.divineD.intellectualA.mostlyB.randomlyC.seldomD.regularlyA.bewareB.disposeC.ensureD.boastA.containedB.receivedC.squeezedD.embeddedA.utilizedB.assessedC.gaugedD.gearedA.integralB.classicalC.obscureD.strikingA.succeedingB.precedingC.accompanying
8、D.emergingA.rareB.minorC.scarceD.regularA.infectedB.influencedC.instructedD.endowed(17).A. unrefined B. unintended C. unrestrainedD. uneducated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.A.loadB.burdenC.gapD.spanA.offB.onC.intoD.withA.violentB.passionateC.exemptD.idealistic二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：
9、0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When an associate of the Mus6e d“Art Moderne Andr6-Malraux in Normandy flipped through the catalogue for the auction of impressionist art at Sotheby“s in New York on November 2nd, he made a startling discovery. On sale was “Blanchisseuses souffrant des dents“, a painting
10、 by Edgar Degas, which had been stolen in 1973 from a museum where it had been on loan from the Louvre. After being alerted by the French authorities, Sotheby“s dropped the painting from the sale. Now an investigation is under way. The owner is likely to lose it without compensation when it is retur
11、ned to France. Like most art collectors, the owner had no art-title insurance, which would have provided compensation for the painting“s value. “Theft accounts for only a quarter of title disputes,“ says Judith Pearson, a co-founder of ARIS, a small insurance firm that has been selling title insuran
12、ce since 2006 and which was taken over by Argo Group, a bigger insurer, earlier this month. Three-quarters of squabbles occur in cases of divorce or inheritance. A work of art may also carry liens after being used as a collateral for a loan. More rarely, two or more artists may collaborate but then
13、disagree about who has authority to flog their co-production. Does the risk of title disputes warrant the cost of title insurance? ARIS charges a one-off premium of between 1.75% and 6% of the art“s value. In return the company will cover the legal costs in case of a title dispute and compensate for
14、 the agreed value of the art if their client loses the ownership dispute. ARIS has so far written about 1,000 policies and has not yet had a claim. An alternative to art-title insurance is for collectors to do due diligence about the provenance of a work of art themselves. Yet many do not have the t
15、ime or the tools to carry out such research, which is a complex undertaking as there is no central register of art ownership. And even sophisticated collectors get it wrong, as the clients of Salander-O“Reilly, a New York art gallery, discovered. It collapsed spectacularly in 2007 after it emerged t
16、hat it had dealt in stolen art and defrauded its clients in a Madoffian manner for years. Such cases are exceptional, but as the market booms and the value of art increases, more art lovers will look for additional assurances that their art is really theirs.（分数：10.00）(1).The collectors of“ Blanchiss
17、euses souffrant des dents“ would lose their collections because_.（分数：2.00）A.this painting had been stolen from the LouvreB.he didn“t have art-title insuranceC.this painting belonged to the French authoritiesD.this painting used to belong to from the Louvre(2).The example of the first paragraph means
18、_.（分数：2.00）A.squabbles of the collections occurred frequentlyB.it was necessary to guarantee title insuranceC.collectors needed to purchase the art-title insuranceD.collecting stolen goods had no ownership(3).As for title disputes, we know that_.（分数：2.00）A.title disputes led by divorce are more than
19、 theftB.purchasing title insurance may avoid of disputesC.the men who have the ownership dispute often go to courtD.art-title insurance for collectors is to carry out such researches(4).Collectors have difficulties in investigating the source of arts because_.（分数：2.00）A.they can purchase title insur
20、anceB.there is no registered centre for title insuranceC.they are unable to distinguishD.many do not have the time or the tools to carry out such researches_(5).From the passage we may know that（分数：2.00）A.Sotheby specializes for the auction of impressionist artB.it is worth of purchasing title insur
21、anceC.consumers need to purchase title insurance annuallyD.sophisticated collectors find that Salander-O“Reilly fools the consumers五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally
22、seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance at
23、tached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who ho
24、lds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm“s hierarchy. While American firm
25、s often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work-forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments
26、that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American w
27、orkers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do ) , the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, an
28、d the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottle-necks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can“t effe
29、ctively staff the processes that have to he operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.（分数：10.00）(1).According to this passage, the problem America firm faced with is_.（分数：2.00）A.workers“ skill stringB.the lack of moneyC.the way of training workersD.ig
30、norance to human-resource management(2).Comparing with Japan and Germany, American companies_.（分数：2.00）A.pay more attention to human-resource managementB.put the head of human-resource in higher positionC.spend less money in training workersD.train workers to master the basic skills(3).According to
31、this passage_.（分数：2.00）A.human-resource management is not important in the United StatesB.the chief financial officer is not important in JapanC.in an American firm the chief financial officer is more than CEO importantD.CEO is the most powerful man in a Japan firm(4).According to this passage, when
32、 new breakthrough technologies arrive,_.（分数：2.00）A.German workers take less time to learn themB.American companies have to spend more money in workers“ trainingC.in America new equipments are equipped with higher speedD.the cost of training in America is lower(5).What is the author“s attitude toward
33、s American companies?（分数：2.00）A.PositiveB.PraiseC.IronicD.Negative六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A rare provision in San Francisco“s business tax code that taxes companies when employees cash in their stock options has caused a stir in this hotbed of fledgling tech companies. Remarkably, few companies even
34、 knew about the tax, which has been in effect for seven years. But since city officials offered Twitter a payroll-tax break as an incentive for it to remain in San Francisco (the company is considered likely to go public soon), the stock-option provision has suddenly come under intense scrutiny. A n
35、umber of other booming companies, including Zings, the maker of online games and one of the city“s fastest-growing firms, have threatened to leave the city unless they receive similar payroll-tax exemptions before going public. Unlike most cities, San Francisco generates most of its business tax rev
36、enue through a payroll tax. The Twitter exemption bill, which will be considered by the full Board of Supervisors on April 5, would freeze payroll taxes for six years along a strip of Market Streetwhere Twitter is set to relocateand several square blocks in the Tenderloin neighborhood. Twitter execu
37、tives had been concerned because since 2004 the city“s payroll tax code has counted stock options granted to employees as compensation, which is taxed at 1.5 percent. If Twitter goes public in San Francisco and a large number of workers exercise their options, the city would tax the company on its e
38、mployees“ stock gainsa bill likely to amount to tens of millions of dollars. “Twitter could be looking at a significantly larger payroll tax liability if and when it goes public,“ said Ted Egan, the chief economist in San Francisco“s controller“s office. Because of the dearth of I. P. O. “s inside t
39、he city limits in the last decade, the stockoption tax has gone under radar until now. Businesses, city officials and even seasoned tax lawyers are confounded. “Nobody ever talked about this because nobody“s really tested these issues before,“ said Thomas H. Steele, a partner in Morrison it is costl
40、y and time-consuming for career-switchers, who must wait a year or more before they can enter a classroom; it is so rigid that private-school teachers or university professors with years of experience have to jump through hoops before they can start teaching in a state school. And there is virtually
41、 no evidence that it creates better teachers. For all that, it is strongly backed by schools of education, which have a monopoly of teacher-training, and by teachers“ unions, whose members make more money when it is artificially hard for others to get into the profession. Now, some 45 states and the
42、 Districts of Columbia offer an “alternative route“ to a teacher“s licensee, up from only a handful in the 1980s. Alternative certification (AC) generally allows individuals with a university degree to begin teaching immediately after passing an entrance examination. These recruits, watched over by
43、a mentor teach the subject they studied at university, and take education courses at a sponsoring university while drawing their salaries. The traditional sort of American teacher is likely to be young, white and female. Alternative certification attracts more men and more non-whites. In Texas, for
44、instance, roughly 90% of public-school teachers are white, but 40% of those who have joined through alternative certification are non-whites. The AC route also draws teachers willing to go where they are most needed. A survey of Troops to Teachers, a program that turns exsoldiers into public-school
45、teachers (“ Proud to serve again“), found that 39% of those taking part are willing to teach in inner-city schools, and 68% in rural areas. Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidence suggests they do we
46、ll. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of program since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas, where the Teach of America program (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as t
47、eachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. “ School principals are our biggest fans,“ Wendy Kopp, TFA“s president, says proudly. So why not scrap the cumbersome teacher-licensing laws? Frederick Hess, a professor at the University of Virginia, has written a paper for the Progre
48、ssive Policy Institute arguing that teacher-licensing ought to be stripped to the bare essentials. Prospective teachers should be required only to hold a college degree, pass a test of essential skills, and be checked to make sure they do not have a criminal background. Other training is important,
49、argues Mr. Hess, but the market, not state legislators, should decide what that training looks like. This notion of “ competitive certification “ has drawn favorable attention from the Bush administration.（分数：10.00）(1).How does the author feel about the conventional teacher“s training?（分数：2.00）A.RidiculousB.UnjustC.ComplicatedD.Irrelevant(2).Which of the following is true of alternative certification (AC. ?（分数：2.00）A.Many states have offered it since the 1980sB.Schools of education and teachers“ unions opposed itC.AC offers a flexible tr
