1、考研英语(一)-52 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, 1 is their purpose merely to make con
2、versation. The old person“s recollections of the past help to 2 an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile. 3 any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 4 to the future, the individual mentions their 5 as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life 6 living. 7 , the memorie
3、s form part of a continuing life 8 , in which the old person 9 the events and experiences of the years gone by and 10 on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life. As the life cycle 11 to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. 12 thi
4、s task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a 13 subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 14 As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and are 15 to think about it and certainly not to talk about it 16 the presence of someone who is dying.
5、Death has achieved this taboo 17 only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 18 the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains 19 our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes 20 is so.（分数：10.00）A.soB.evenC.norD.ha
6、rdlyA.preserveB.conserveC.resumeD.assumeA.performingB.playingC.undertakingD.lackingA.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentationA.presentB.pastC.experienceD.fateA.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.worthwhileA.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particularA.prospectB.impetusC.impressionD.reviewA.inte
7、gratesB.incorporatesC.includesD.interactsA.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceiveA.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tendsA.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.OtherwiseA.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglectA.notoriousB.indecentC.obscureD.desperateA.readyB.willingC.liableD.reluctantA.atB.onC.withD.inA.statusB.circumstanceC.enviro
8、nmentD.priorityA.encounterB.confrontC.tolerateD.exposeA.underB.aboveC.beyondD.withinA.whichB.whatC.asD.that二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or pr
9、omoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests
10、themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future perform
11、ance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score
12、knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has deve
13、loped, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning compa
14、rative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability. In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be
15、 measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things t
16、hey do not do. For example, they don“t compensate for gross social inequality, and thus don“t tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Attacking standardized testsB.Don“t blam
17、e the test-blame the userC.Standardized tests and their wide applicationsD.The standardized test -a useful means of assessment(2).The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（分数：2.00）A.the interpretation of test resultsB.the analysis of the students testedC.the
18、 skill and wisdom of the test itselfD.the accuracy of the information provided(3).The third paragraph is written mainly to state（分数：2.00）A.the functions of educational testsB.the dimensions of standardized testsC.the bases for using standardized testsD.the mixed results of standardized tests(4).Acco
19、rding to the text, which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Predictions do not always hold trueB.Some students “shine“ unexpectedlyC.The supervisor of the test must be well trainedD.Personality tests often fall short of their purpose(5).According to the text, the author“s attitude to
20、ward the value of standardized tests seems to be（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.dubiousC.objectiveD.ambiguous五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the la
21、st remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation. This question of giving up seats in public tr
22、ansport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even
23、if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened. Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would hav
24、e been the behavior of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? Older people, tired and irritable from a day“s work, are not ange
25、ls, either-far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at al
26、l, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won“t bother to assist, taxi
27、drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.（分数：1
28、0.00）(1).From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who（分数：2.00）A.are physically strongB.live in big modern citiesC.are from the older generationD.live only in metropolitan cities(2).What is the writer“s opinion concerning courteous manners toward women?（分数：2.00）A.Men
29、should give up their seats to young womenB.Women needn“t be treated differently from menC.“Lady First“ should be universally practicedD.Special consideration ought to be shown to them(3).According to the author, communication between human beings would be smoother if（分数：2.00）A.public transport could
30、 be improvedB.people were not so tired and irritableC.women were treated with more courtesyD.people were considerate toward each other(4).What is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration“ in the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Spreading of evil conductB.Lowering of moral standardsC.Worsening of gen
31、eral situationD.Declining of physical constitution(5).In the author“s view, the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in cities would be to（分数：2.00）A.attach significance to the moral education of young peopleB.improve the means of transportation and the public moralityC.treat peo
32、ple, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathyD.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sc
33、iences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for t
34、he purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world
35、 and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn“t be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But
36、even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part
37、 unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centurie
38、s later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because o mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive o contemporary life. Pure kno
39、wledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.（分数：10.00）(1).The author does not include among the sci
40、ences the study of（分数：2.00）A.literatureB.chemistryC.astronomyD.anthropology(2).In the author“s view, the Greeks who studied conic sections（分数：2.00）A.were mathematiciansB.worked with electricityC.were interested in navigationD.were unaware of the value of their studies(3).According to the text, the m
41、ost important advances made by mankind most probably stem from（分数：2.00）A.innovationsB.the natural sciencesC.technical applicationsD.apparently useless information(4).The author mentions electrical technology in paragraph 3 most probably to（分数：2.00）A.confirm its importance in the modern worldB.show t
42、he powerful influence of its inventionsC.verify the usefulness of theoretical knowledgeD.give an example of success in practical science(5).The title which best expresses the idea of this text is（分数：2.00）A.Progress in Pure ScienceB.Learning for Its Own SakeC.Man“s Science and InventionsD.Difference
43、between Science and Technology七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans a
44、re the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, this perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpr
45、etation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowle
46、dge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the “American Scholar“ turns out to be simply “Ma
47、n Thinking“; while, for Whitman, the “Song of Myself“ merges imperceptibly into a song of all the “ children of Adam“, where “ every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. “ Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which,
48、in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or herself and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual
49、to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individual“s freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity. A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logi
