1、考研英语(一)-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The role of governments in environmental management is deficit but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, (1) , governments act in an even more harmful way. They actua
2、lly subsidize the exploitation and (2) of natural resources. A whole (3) of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and often (4) no economic sense. Making good policies offers a two-fold (5) : a cleaner environmentpolilicians and a more efficient eco
3、nomy. Crowth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to (6) the vested interest that subsidies create.No activity affects more of the earths surface than farming, h shapes a third of the planets land area, not (7) Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. W
4、orld food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in (8) from land already in (9) , but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a (10) in t
5、he use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s.All these activities may have (11) environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agrieuhure is the largest single (12) of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may (13) water supplies; more intensive farming an
6、d the abandonment of fallow periods (14) worsen soil erosion; and the spread of monochord and use of high-yielding varieties of euros have been accompanied by the (15) of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some (16) against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the
7、productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, (17) the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate (18) to diminish the soils productivity. The country subsequently (19) a program to convert
8、 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is (20) much faster than in America.（分数：10.00）A.howeverB.thereforeC.butD.henceA.conjunctionB.compensationC.eousun, ptionD.constitutionA.areaB.rangeC.scopeD.fieldA.takeB.holdC.loseD.makeA.profitB.bonusC.benefitD.prizeA.co
9、nfrontB.confineC.conformD.confuseA.thinkingB.consideringC.thirstingD.countingA.outputsB.suppliesC.yieldsD.outcomesA.revolutionB.civillzationC.reservationD.euhivationA.doublingB.reducingC.dismissingD.repeatingA.destroyingB.damagingC.injuringD.ruiningA.excuseB.justificationC.causeD.groundA.purifyB.sim
10、plifyC.dirtyD.contaminateA.come toB.bring toC.tend toD.stand toA.disappearanceB.discoveryC.dispositionD.disturbanceA.reassuranceB.insuranceC.assuranceD.measureA.whenB.whileC.whichD.whereA.probableB.capableC.likelyD.hopefulA.set upB.embark uponC.build upD.make upA.vanishingB.stayingC.appearingD.disso
11、lving二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Violent criminals with something to hide have more reason than ever to be paranoid about a tap on the shoulder which could send them to jail. Queensland police are working through a backlog of unsolved murders wit
12、h some dramatic success. Greater cooperation between the public and various law enforcement agencies is playing a role, but new genetic-testing techniques are the real key to providing the vital evidence to mount a prosecution.Evidence left behind at the scene of any murder is guaranteed to outlive
13、the person who left it. A blood, saliva or tissue sample in the size of a pin, kept dry and out of sunlight, will last several thousand years. From it, scientific analysis now can tell accurately the sex of the person who left it.When matched against a sample from a crime suspect, it can indicate wi
14、th million-to-one certainty whether the samples come from the same source. Only twins share identical DNA. So precise is the technology if the biological parents of a suspect agree to provide a sample, forensic scientists can work out the rest for themselves without cooperation from the suspect.Quee
15、nsland forensic scientists have been using the DNA testing technology since 1992, and last year they were recognized internationally for their competence in positive individual identification. That is part of the reason 20 of Queenslands most puzzling unsolved murders dating to 1932 are being ac tim
16、ely investigated. There also have been several recent arrests for unsolved murders.Forensic evidence was instrumental in charges being laid over the bashing death of waitress Tasha Douty on Brampton Island in 1983. Doutys blood-splattered, naked body was found on a nude sunbathing beach at Dinghy Ba
17、y on the island. Footprints in the sand indicated that the killer had grappled with the 21-year-old mother who had fled up the beach before being caught and beaten to death.According to Leo Freney, the supervising forensic scientist at the John Tonge Centre at Brisbanes Griffith University, DNA test
18、ing has become an invaluable tool for police, its use is in identifying and rejecting suspects. In fact, he says, it eliminates more people than it convicts.“ It is easily as good as fingerprints for the purpose of identification, “ he says. “In the case of violent crime it is better than fingerprin
19、ts. You cant innocently explain things like blood and semen at a crime scene where you may be able to innocently explain fingerprints. “ In Queensland, a person who has been arrested on suspicion of an offence can be taken before a magistrate and ordered to provide a sample of body fluid by :force i
20、f necessary.（分数：10.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 ?（分数：2.00）A.Law punishments are always slow.B.Justice has long arms.C.Everyone is equal before the law.D.A burnt child dreads the fire.(2).In Queensland, dramatic progress made in investigating unresolved murders is becau
21、se of_.（分数：2.00）A.the greater cooperation between suspects and policeB.the simplification of the criminal prosecution processC.forensic scientists ability in positive individual identificationD.new techniques in finding footprints of murders(3).Evidence left behind at the scene of a crime is all of
22、the following EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.bloodB.tissueC.footprintsD.pin(4).What can be inferred from the text?（分数：2.00）A.Criminal evidence could be kept well in dry and warm places.B.The high accuracy of genetic testing lies in DNAs uniqueness.C.DNA testing provides the vital evidence in Tasha Douty Case.D.
23、Fingerprints are better than DNA to convict suspects.(5).By the use of new technology, forensic scientists can_.（分数：2.00）A.work out the result of DNA completely by themselvesB.eliminate more suspects than identify themC.tell the appearance of a murder from the evidence leftD.order the suspect to pro
24、vide a sample of body fluid by law五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The objective of the migrant health program of the United States government is to provide grants for the development and enhancement of high quality health care services in rural areas for migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families
25、so as to raise the status of health care for these people to that of the general population. This amelioration can be achieved by providing comprehensive heahh services, which are made aeeessible to people who move frequently, and by improving the physical environment so as to assure healthful livin
26、g and working conditions wherever workers are located.Grants are available to state and local health departmenls and other nonprofit agencies, organizations, and institutions. These funds can he used for the following purposes: to establish and operate general family health service facilities and cl
27、inics; to provide heahh education, training, and sanitation services to upgrade health conditions; and to initiate preventive health services. Preventive care in the form of immunization programs is the oldest aspect of the program.The program further attempts to promote flexibility in locating heal
28、th services where they will be accessible at times and places convenient to migrant workers and their families. The family heahh care clinic, with additional outreach services by field nurses and aides who visit migrant families in camps and at their homes for counseling and follow-up, constitutes t
29、he newest and most significant innovation in the initiate preventive health services. However, despite the introduction of innovative approaches, heahh care services for migrant workers are still limited and highly inadequate.Although the migrant health program has no fixed matctling ratio, a grante
30、e is required to pay part of the cost, which varies from project to project. Many rural counties do not have enough money to cover matching payments, nor do many states consider migran! workers health a budget priority. The costsharing requirement limits the potential effectiveness of the program, a
31、nd literally hundreds of communities with a yearly influx of nngrant workers still lack organized local programs to provide the needed services.A major problem for local or state health agencies is their inability to develop case histories and ongoing communication with migrant workers. Lack of know
32、ledge regarding migrant workers health needs is another reason for the dearth of services. There has been little communication about health problems among communities, health professionals, and migrant workers themselves. Ignorance of a groups special needs often leads to exclusion and rejection of
33、that group and its prohlems. This is often the case with migrant workers, as evidenced by the enforcement of state residency requirement. It is, of course, impossible for most migrant workers to meet these requirements and become eligible fro“ existing state and local heahh and welfare aid.（分数：10.00
34、）(1).What does the word “amelioration“ (Para. 1) most probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.Complexation.B.Population.C.Improvement.D.Comprehension.(2).Which of the following is NOT the purpose of the funds?（分数：2.00）A.Family health services.B.Education training services.C.Health education services.D.Illness-prev
35、entive services.(3).Which of the following limits the potential effectiveness of the program?（分数：2.00）A.A grantee need to pay no cost.B.Many states consider migrant workers health a budget priority.C.Migrant workers are not well-organized.D.Many local government cant afford the part of the cost they
36、 should pay.(4).Which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Local heahh agencies are unable to build effective communication with migrant workers.B.Migrant workers seldom conununicate about health problems.C.Ignorance of the migrant workers needs results from exclusion.D.The migrant wor
37、kers still have a long way to meet the requirements.(5).What is the authors attitude toward the migrant health problem?（分数：2.00）A.Subjective.B.Objective.C.Positive.D.Negative.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Occasional self-medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs has
38、 a long history and is closely linked, like medical practice itself, with the belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the development of scientific techniques made it possible for some of the causes of symptoms to be understood, so that more accurate diagnosis has become possib
39、le. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of many illnesses with specific treatment of their causes. In many other illnesses, of which the causes remain unknown, it is still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide wh
40、en to treat symptoms only and when to attack the causethis is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-medication.The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of scientific drug therapy. In many countries public
41、health organization is improving and peoples nutritional standards have risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an adverse effect. One is the use of high-pressure advertising by the pharmaceutical industry, which has tended to influence both patients and doctors and has led to
42、 the overuse of drugs generally. The other is the emergence of the sedentary society with its faulty ways of life: lack of exercise, over-eat-ing, unsuitable eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits such as these, as well as from un
43、happy human relationships, often resort to self-medication and so add the taking of pharmaceuticals to the list. Advertisers go to great lengths to catch this market.Clever advertising, aimed at chronic sufferers who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them, can induce such
44、faith in a preparation, particularly if steeply priced, that it will produceby suggestiona very real effect in some people. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild complaints such as simple colds and coughs, which clear up by themselves within a short time.These are the main reas
45、ons why laxatives, indigestion remedies, painkillers, tonics, vitamin and iron tablets and many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things ever improves a persons health ; it may even make it worse. Worse because the preparation may contai
46、n unsuitable ingredients; worse because the taker may become dependent on them; worse because they might be taken in excess; worse because they may cause poisoning, and worse of all because symptoms of some serious underlying cause may be masked and therefore medical help may not be sought.（分数：10.00
47、）(1).The first paragraph is intended to_.（分数：2.00）A.suggest that self-medication has a long historyB.distinguish between medical prescribing and self-medicationC.praise doctors for their expertiseD.tell the symptoms from the causes(2).Advertisements are aimed at people suffering from mild complaints
48、 because_.（分数：2.00）A.they often watch ads on TVB.they are more likely to buy the drugs advertisedC.they generally lead a sedentary lifeD.they dont take to sports and easily catch colds(3).Paragraphs 2 and 3 explain_.（分数：2.00）A.that good things are not without side effectsB.why clever advertising is
49、so powerfulC.why in modern times self-medication is still practicedD.why people develop faulty ways of life(4).The author tells us in paragraph 4_.（分数：2.00）A.the reasons for keeping medicines at homeB.peoples doubt about taking drugsC.why it may be worse to take drugs by oneselfD.the possible harms self-medication may do to people(5).The best title for the passage would be_.（分数：2.00）A.Medical PracticeB.Clever AdvertisingC.Self-MedicationD.Self-Treatment七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every profession or trade, every art, and every sci
