1、考研英语(一)-47 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Millions of dollars often depend on the choice of which commercial to use in launching a new product. So you show the commercials to a 1 of typical consumers and ask their opinion. The answers you get can sometimes lead you in
2、to a big 2 . Respondents may lie just to be polite. Now some companies and major advertising 3 have been hiring voice detectives who test your normal voice and then record you on tape 4 commenting on a product. A computer analyzes the degree and direction of change 5 normal. One kind of divergence o
3、f pitch means the subject 6 . Another kind means he was really enthusiastic. In a testing of two commercials 7 children, they were, vocally, about equally 8 of both, but the computer reported their emotional 9 in the two was totally different. Most major commercials are sent for testing to theaters
4、10 with various electronic measuring devices. People regarded as 11 are brought in off the street. Viewers can push buttons to 12 whether they are interested or bored. Newspaper and magazine groups became intensely interested in testing their ads for a product 13 TV ads for the same product. They we
5、re interested because the main 14 of evidence shows that people 15 a lot more mental activity when they read 16 when they sit in front of the TV set. TV began to be 17 “a low-involvement“ 18 . It is contended that low involvement means that there is less 19 that the ad message will be 20 .（分数：10.00）
6、A.packB.flockC.multipleD.bulkA.lossB.panicC.benefitD.surpriseA.hostsB.advocatesC.agenciesD.opponentsA.asB.ifC.thoughD.whileA.towardB.intoC.fromD.toA.aggravatedB.liedC.boastedD.misunderstoodA.withB.aboutC.onD.ofA.conformingB.agreeingC.conceivingD.approvingA.involvementB.responseC.reflectionD.moodA.fe
7、dB.suppliedC.providedD.equippedA.independentB.ordinaryC.typicalD.averageA.demonstrateB.designateC.debateD.indicateA.as withB.againstC.as toD.underA.numberB.seriesC.bodyD.proportionA.exhibitB.extendC.expandD.exertA.orB.thanC.andD.versusA.regardedB.labeledC.assumedD.recognizedA.meansB.methodC.mediumD.
8、measureA.opportunityB.scopeC.chanceD.capacityA.rejectedB.reviewedC.revivedD.remembered二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer - government or private - should have little or no impact on the e
9、arnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with
10、the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women“s earnings as
11、 compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs“s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry compose
12、d exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earning
13、s of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earn
14、ings differentials that were the result of racial disparities. ) Brown“s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study“s results. Brown“s results suggest that men and women are not t
15、reated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown“s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-
16、employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown“s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs“s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than
17、 does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do
18、, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women“s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.（分数：10.00）(1).The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions? A Both private emp
19、loyers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women“s earnings. B If private employers and government employers discriminate, the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women“s earnings. C Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government emplo
20、yers discriminate. D Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Brown“s study, women“s earnings categories occur in which of the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?（分数：2.00）A.Government employment, self-employmen
21、t, private employmentB.Private employment, self-employment, government employmentC.Government employment, private employment, self-employmentD.Self-employment, private employment, government employment(3).The text mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter E
22、XCEPT（分数：2.00）A.discrimination from suppliers and consumersB.discrimination from financial institutionsC.problems in obtaining good employeesD.problems in obtaining government assistance(4).It can be inferred from the text that what is stated in the last paragraph is most probably（分数：2.00）A.Brown“s
23、elaboration of his research resultsB.Brown“s tentative inferences from his dataC.Brown“s conclusions based on common-sense reasoningD.the author“s conclusion, based on Fuchs“s and Brown“s results(5).The best title which describes the content of the text as a whole would be（分数：2.00）A.The Relative Eff
24、ect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women“s EarningsB.How Discrimination Affects Women“s Choice of Type of EmploymentC.The Necessity for Eliminating Earnings Differentials in a Free Market EconomyD.The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination
25、on Men“s Earnings as Compared to Women“s Earnings五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the past, American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it. To create and
26、 to impart, these were the distinctive features of American higher education prior to the most recent, disorderly decades of the twentieth century. The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy
27、 for resolving societal problems. In a subtle way Americans believed higher education to be useful, but not necessarily of immediate use. Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities. Institutions of higher learning-public or private-commonly face the ch
28、allenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community. This service role has various applications. Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets, to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility, to achieve rac
29、ial, ethnic, or social integration, or more generally to produce “productive“ as compared to “ educated“ graduates. Regardless of its precise definition, the idea of a service-university has won acceptance within the academic community. One need only be reminded of the change in language describing
30、the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university. The traditional two-year college has shed its pejorative “junior“ college label and is generally called a “community“ college, a clearly value-laden expression representing the l
31、atest commitment in higher education. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “union card“ in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor“s classroom dut
32、ies. The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function-communicating knowledge to students, expanding the content of various disciplines, and interacting in a direct relationship with society-has been the most important change in higher education in recent years. This novel develop
33、ment, however, is often overlooked. Educators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that have a “service“ or vocational orientation. It is important to know this. But some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the att
34、empt of colleges and universities to relate to, if not resolve, the problems of society. What“s worse, they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-university-what is higher education supposed to do?（分数：10.00）(1).The opening paragraph is written in Order to state（分数：2.00）A.the future use
35、fulness of the knowledge obtained in collegeB.the missions of different educational institutions in AmericaC.the purpose of American postsecondary education in the pastD.the history of the development of American higher education(2).One of the recent, important changes in higher education relates to
36、（分数：2.00）A.curriculum updatesB.service-education conceptsC.imparting knowledge to studentsD.combining education with production(3).The service role of colleges specifically aims to（分数：2.00）A.improve servicesB.serve the communityC.provide skills for future useD.make graduates employable(4).It can be
37、inferred from the text that there exists a tendency to（分数：2.00）A.play down the service-universityB.highlight service-education functionsC.alter the mission of primary educationD.exaggerate the change in higher education(5).The author“s attitude toward the service-education concept is（分数：2.00）A.radic
38、alB.impartialC.optimisticD.supportive六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number m
39、oving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll weevil infestati
40、on, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants“ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural
41、background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the G
42、reat Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category roughly including the
43、 entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-f
44、ive percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The
45、remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries-tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as
46、unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move no
47、rth would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural backgrounds comes into question.（分数：10.00）(1).The author indicates explicitly that which of the following record
48、s has been a source of information in her investigation?（分数：2.00）A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930B.The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910C.The federal census of 1910D.Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910(2).According
49、to the text, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?（分数：2.00）A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competitionB.They began to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workersC.They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workersD.They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern ones(3).It can be inferred from the text that the “easy conclusion“ mentioned in the last sentence is based on the assumption that（分数：2.00）A.people who migrate from rural areas to large cities us
