1、考研英语(一)-35 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Data has a habit of spreading. It slips past military security and it can also leak from WikiLeaks. It even slipped past the bans of the Guardian and other media organisations involved in this story wh
2、en a rogue copy of Der Spiegel accidentally went on sale in Basle, Switzerland. Someone bought it, realised what they had, and began scanning the pages, translating them from German to English and posting up-dates on Twitter. It would seem digital data respects no authority, be it the Pentagon, Wiki
3、Leaks or a newspaper editor. Individually, we have all already experienced the massive changes resulting from digitisation. Events or information that we once considered momentary and private are now accumulated, permanent, public. Governments hold our personal data in huge databases. It used to cos
4、t money to disclose and distribute information. In the digital age it costs money not to. But when data breaches happen to the public, politicians don“t care much. Our privacy is expendable. It is no surprise that the reaction to these leaks is different. What has changed the dynamic of power in a r
5、evolutionary way isn“t just the scale of the databases being kept, but that individuals can upload a copy and present it to the world. To some this marks a crisis, to others an opportunity. Technology is breaking down traditional social barriers of status, class, power, wealth and geographyreplacing
6、 them with an ethos of collaboration and transparency. Leaks are not the problem; they are the symptom. They reveal a disconnect between what people want and need to know and what they actually do know. The greater the secrecy, the more likely a leak. The way to move beyond leaks is to ensure a stro
7、ng managing system for the public to access important information. We are at a key moment where the visionaries in the leading position of a global digital age are clashing with those who are desperate to control what we know. WikiLeaks is the guerrilla front in a global movement for greater transpa
8、rency and participation. It used to be that a leader controlled citizens by controlling information. Now it“s harder than ever for the powerful to control what people read, see and hear. Technology gives people the ability to band together and challenge authority. The powerful have long spied on cit
9、izens as a means of control, now citizens are turning their collected eyes back upon the powerful. This is a revolution, and all revolutions create fear and uncertainty. Will we move to a New Information Enlightenment or will the strong resistance from those who seek to maintain control no matter th
10、e cost lead us to a new totalitarianism? What happens in the next five years will define the future of democracy for the next century, so it would be well if our leaders responded to the current challenge with an eye on the future.（分数：20.00）(1).The story about leak from WikiLeaks suggests that digit
11、al data is（分数：4.00）A.getting used to leaking out.B.immune to authority.C.difficult to accumulate.D.being disclosed for free.(2).Politicians care much about the leak from WikiLeaks mainly because（分数：4.00）A.it posed a threat to digitisation.B.it involved their own privacy.C.it triggered the change of
12、power.D.it brought opportunities to them.(3).The author“s method to overcome leaks indicates that（分数：4.00）A.a chain is no stronger than its weakest link.B.it is better to guide than to block.C.forbidden fruit is the sweetest.D.it is better to be late than never.(4).In a global digital age, citizens
13、are clashing with politicians on（分数：4.00）A.the control over information.B.the mastery of technology.C.the participation of political activities.D.the supervision of media content.(5).According to the last paragraph, “enlightenment“ to “totalitarianism“ can be described as（分数：4.00）A.“trusting informa
14、tion“ to “fearing information“.B.“publicizing information“ to “centralizing information“.C.“embracing the challenge of digitalisation“ to “being frightened by digitalisation“.D.“being cost-oriented during digitalisation“ to “being result-oriented during digitalisation“.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Lonely
15、 people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammation, such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper published last year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine , shows the effect on mortality of loneliness is comparable with
16、that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studies and controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness. Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so. He told the American Association for the Advancement of Scien
17、ce meeting in Washington, D.C., about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples of white blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analysed the activity of their genes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. T
18、his molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA from most genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, that were less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreo
19、ver, both the less active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups. Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off viral infections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Cole suspec
20、ts this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, this odd state of affairs has come about. The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individual and they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often
21、 just lurk in the environment, and may thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catching viruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism which causes white cells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better o
22、ff ramping up their protection against bacterial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them. What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which social environment reaches inside a person“s body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not that the lonel
23、y and the gregarious are genetically different from each other. Rather, their genes are regulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation is part of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in.（分数：20.00）(1).Wh
24、at risk may lonely people run according to the first paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.They can have the same risk as the gregarious.B.They may have symbols of early aging.C.They may fall victim to chronic illnesses.D.They may undergo more severe illnesses.(2).Dr. Cole made an analysis of the activity of the gen
25、es by（分数：4.00）A.measuring the level of messenger RNA.B.calculating the number of more active gene types.C.instructing the production of certain proteins.D.comparing less active genes with more active ones.(3).Broadly speaking, the genes more active in the lonely（分数：4.00）A.helped to avoid infections
26、resulting from viruses.B.participated in guarding against bacteria.C.came from a few different functional groups.D.existed only as a small group.(4).What can we know about viruses and bacteria from the fourth paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.Viruses often remain hidden in the environment.B.Bacteria are passed t
27、o other people by the infected individual.C.The lonely people can catch viruses more easily.D.Viruses pose a greater threat to the gregarious than bacteria.(5).What message does Dr. Cole seem to convey by the mechanism?（分数：4.00）A.The lonely people differ in genes from the gregarious people.B.Sociabi
28、lity can adjust a person“s genome and make it work properly.C.The lonely people can become sociable if they regulate their genes.D.Individuals have to find their own ways to adapt to the environment.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Of all the components of a good night“s sleep, dreams seem to be least within
29、 our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them
30、as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind“s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.“ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events
31、 can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It“s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago“s Medical Center. “If you don“t like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as
32、active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex
33、 (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright“s clinic. Most peo
34、ple seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don“t always think about the emotional significance of
35、 the day“s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end ins
36、tead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there“s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a
37、panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people“s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleepor rather drea
38、mon it and you“ll feel better in the morning.（分数：20.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：4.00）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs.(2).By referring to the limbic
39、system, the author intends to show（分数：4.00）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（分数：4.00）A.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into
40、happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：4.00）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.C.dreams should be left to their natural progressi
41、on.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：4.00）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious control.D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)To paraphrase 18th-cen
42、tury statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing“. One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond force-fully to animal
43、 rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing all
44、egations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or
45、 is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.“ Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don“t worry, scientists w
46、ill find some way of using computers.“ Such well-meaning people just don“t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable wayin human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research
47、and a grandmother“s hip replacement, a father“s bypass operation, a baby“s vaccinations, and even a pet“s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Mu
48、ch can be done. Scientists could “adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to s
49、how that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.（分数：20.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burke“s words to（分数：4.00）A.call on scientists to take s
