1、考研英语(一)-35 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word.(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. There is concern around the apparent inability of science education to counter current negative
2、perceptions of science in both developing and industrial countries. These concerns have U U 1 /U /Uconsensus within the science education community over the U U 2 /U /Ufive decades that there is a need to focus on science literacy. The framework within which this consensus initially developed emphas
3、ized scientific knowledge and application. U U 3 /U /U, a more recent consensus that has U U 4 /U /Uwithin sectors of the science education community is the need to focus U U 5 /U /Uon the literacy aspects of science literacy. Norris and Phillips draw a U U 6 /U /Ubetween the fundamental and derived
4、 senses of science literacy U U 7 /U /Uthe fundamental sense requires proficiency in science language and thinking, U U 8 /U /Ubeing proficient in the derived sense means being able to make U U 9 /U /Ujudgements on scientific social issues.A number of researchers believe that for someone to be judge
5、d scientifically U U 10 /U /Uin both the fundamental and derived sense, he or she must be first proficient in the discourses of science, which U U 11 /U /Ureading, writing, and talking science. In order to achieve these goals, students must be helped to cross the U U 12 /U /Ubetween the informal lan
6、guage they speak at home and the U U 13 /U /Ulanguage used at school, U U 14 /U /Uthe specialized language of science.The uncritical belief that hands-on science activities automatically lead to understanding has been U U 15 /U /Uwith the realization that this is a necessary, but not essential, appr
7、oach. U U 16 /U /Uis needed are minds-on experiences that include discussion, planning, reading, and writing, as well as deliberations and argumentation. One of the first programs that explored the integration of language and science instruction introduced a science-content reading program U U 17 /U
8、 /Uinquiry activities, science processes, and the comprehension of written information provided for the topic U U 18 /U /U. The result was that both reading and science scores U U 19 /U /U, as well as student U U 20 /U /Utoward science.（分数：10.00）(1). A. summed up B. resulted in C. came as D. insiste
9、d on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2). A. past B. following C. future D. former（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Likewise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4). A. vanished B. dissolved C. emerged D. elapsed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5). A. more B. much C. less D. little（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6). A. consensus B. simi
10、larity C. distinction D. discussion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7). A. except that B. so that C. not that D. in that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8). A. because B. when C. if D. whereas（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9). A. fortunate B. informed C. successful D. well-known（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10). A. notorious B. literate C. intelligent D
11、. diligent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11). A. reject B. exhaust C. include D. rearrange（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12). A. borders B. scopes C. discrepancies D. schedules（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13). A. proficient B. polite C. academic D. casual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14). A. luckily B. particularly C. extraordinarily D. individual
12、ly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15). A. restricted B. complemented C. strengthened D. replaced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16). A. What B. That C. Whether D. Such（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17). A. categorizing B. emphasizing C. managing D. concentrating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18). A. in the way B. at hand C. by chance D. at time（分数：0.50
13、）A.B.C.D.(19). A. fell B. decreased C. enhanced D. improved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20). A. devotions B. nuisances C. attitudes D. affections（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、BSection Readi(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、BPart A/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BText 1/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Two of the most common rumors about immigrant families are that t
14、hey dont really want to become American and that theyre a drag on the rest of us. But a fascinating new Pew report gives lie to both fears. In the process, it reminds us why immigration matters.The study shows first of all that Americanization is proceeding as inevitably now as during previous great
15、 waves of migration. Yes, todays immigrants are Hispanic and Asian rather than European. But that has not made a difference. Todays 20 million adult sons and daughters of immigrants have learned English, advanced economically, and intermarried far more than their parents did and no more slowly than
16、the Italians or Irish or Poles did a century ago. Nearly six in ten-almost double the percentage of their parents-consider themselves “typical Americans.“As for whether immigrant families are a drag on society, the facts are clear. Second-generation Americans-the children of immigrants-are not just
17、doing better than their parents. Their educational attainment and income are actually above the national average. They are contributors. If anything, as other research has shown, it is America that can be harmful to immigrant families: obesity and criminality increase from the first to the second ge
18、neration. So the question should not be how to keep newcomers from diluting America but how to keep America from diluting the newcomers. This presents a challenge to both native-born Americans and todays immigrants.The Pew report notes that Americans who are of foreign birth or parentage, so-called
19、“immigrant stock,“ will constitute a record 37% of the population by 2050. This frightens many white Americans to the core, especially those who are older and live in communities only recently touched by immigration. But for todays “immigrant stock,“ this moment creates an opportunity. Immigrants of
20、 earlier centuries proved that every kind of European could become simply white; todays immigrants prove that every kind of human can become simply American. But this means encouraging them to strive not only for their own families but also for the nation, through service and civic participation.We
21、should bear in mind that whether we are native-born or newcomer, our task now, then, is to apply an immigrants ingenuity, optimism, and perseverance to the systematic expansion of opportunity in America. To do that, as history shows and recent studies confirm, itll help to have more immigrants aroun
22、d.（分数：10.00）(1).The new Pew report has found that _. A. the two rumors about immigration are untrue. B. the immigration matters should be addressed. C. Hispanic and Asian immigration does not help America. D. Almost all immigrants have a strong sense of belonging.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We can learn fr
23、om paragraph 3 that immigrant families _. A. do not slow down but speed up American progress. B. are better off than natives in education and income. C. are diluting America as a united and coherent society. D. pose a potential challenge to the American society.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Many white Americ
24、ans are frightened to core because _. A. the number of immigrants will exceed that of American natives by 2050. B. immigrants will account for a large part of the population by 2050. C. immigrants will populate the USA, including those remote communities. D. the young immigrants will increase obesit
25、y and criminality in America.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It is indicated in the last two paragraphs that _. A. immigration is more a challenge than an opportunity. B. immigration can be harnessed to serve the nation. C. immigrants can hardly be assimilated into America. D. the more immigrants America takes
26、 in, the better.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Regarding the immigration into America, the authors attitude is _. A. doubtful. B. indifferent. C. pessimistic. D. supportive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、BText 2/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in
27、 the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania. It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber. Other liquids produced in the refining process, too unstable or
28、 smoky for lamplight, were burned or dumped. But the unwanted petrol and diesel did not go to waste for long, thanks to the development of the internal-combustion engine a few years later.Since then demand for oil has, with a couple of Ublips/U in the 1970s and 1980s, risen steadily alongside ever-i
29、ncreasing travel by car, plane and ship. Three-fifths of it ends up in fuel tanks. With billions of Chinese and Indians growing richer and itching to get behind the wheel of a car, the big oil companies, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Americas Energy Information Administration all predict
30、 that demand will keep on rising.We believe that they are wrong, and that oil is close to a peak. This is not the “peak oil“ widely discussed several years ago, when several theorists, who have since gone strangely quiet, reckoned that supply would flatten and then fall. We believe that demand, not
31、supply, could decline. In the rich world oil demand has already peaked: it has fallen since 2005. Even allowing for all those new drivers in Beijing and Delhi, two revolutions in technology will dampen the worlds thirst for the black stuff.The first revolution was led by a man from Texas who has jus
32、t died. George Mitchell championed “fracking“ as a way to release huge supplies of “unconventional“ gas from shale (a smooth soft rock) beds. This, along with vast new discoveries of conventional gas, has recently helped increase the worlds reserves from 50 to 200 years. The other great change is in
33、 automotive technology. Rapid advances in engine and vehicle design also threaten oils dominance. Foremost is the efficiency of the internal-combustion engine itself. Petrol and diesel engines are becoming ever more frugal.Not surprisingly, the oil “supermajors“ and the IEA disagree. They point out
34、that most of the emerging world has a long way to go before it owns as many cars, or drives as many miles per head, as America. But it would be foolish to predict from the rich worlds past to booming Asias future. The sorts of environmental policies that are reducing the thirst for fuel in Europe an
35、d America by imposing ever-tougher fuel-efficiency standards on vehicles are also being adopted in the emerging economies.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _. A. oil was first discovered and used in the Middle East. B. the oil age is short-lived and has already come to i
36、ts end. C. the shortage of kerosene led to the use of petrol and diesel. D. the oil age is largely attributed to technological developments.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “blip“ (Line 1, Para. 2) most probably means _. A. boom. B. slump. C. increase. D. fluctuation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the f
37、ollowing statements is true, according to paragraph 3 and 4? A. Demand for oil is close to a peak with supplies increased. B. The oil demand in the world has already peaked until 2005. C. New energy has broken the dominance of conventional gas. D. Demand for oil is limited while supply of oil is unl
38、imited.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the last paragraph, the oil “supermajors“ believe that _. A. the emerging world needs more vehicles. B. the future of oil is bright in the emerging world. C. the demand for oil is the strongest in Asia. D. the thirst for fuel is impossible to be reduced.（分数：2
39、.00）A.B.C.D.(5).An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _. A. Dawn of the Oil Age. B. Oil: A Fit of Peak. C. Oil: Yesterdays Fuel. D. The Future of Oil.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、BText 3/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Brothers and sisters fight, but when the Ubickering/U evolves into physical or emotional
40、abuse, its bullying. Ordinary arguments over toys and who gets the front seat are one thing, but a recent study from researchers at the University of New Hampshire reports that aggression between siblings can escalate into bullying, and that young victims can be harmed in the same way as those who a
41、re threatened by peers on the playground.In fact, the study authors say, being bullied by a brother or sister was linked to worse mental-health outcomes for kids and adolescents, similar to those associated with being bullied by unrelated kids in the schoolyard.The new study, published in the journa
42、l Pediatrics, involved thousands of children and adolescents throughout the U.S. and found that those who were physically assaulted, had their toys stolen or broken or endured emotional abuse that made them feel frightened or unwanted by their sibling had higher levels of depression, anger and anxie
43、ty than those without these experiences.In order to study any differences between the effects of sibling bullying and those of being threatened by an unrelated bully, the researchers compared the effects of aggressive behaviors, such as physical violence, breaking or taking toys or belongings, and a
44、buse, like name-calling or mocking, originating from siblings with those coming from childrens unrelated peers. They concluded that as far as mental-health effects are concerned, the relationship that the victims had with their bullies didnt seem to matter. The findings showed that sibling bullying
45、had the same association with increased anxiety, depression and trauma as peer aggression.Thats an eye-opening result since most parents-not to mention the public-have a higher tolerance for fighting and even threatening behavior among siblings than they do for other social relationships. Sibling fi
46、ghting is often dismissed, seen as something thats normal or harmless. Some parents even think its beneficial, as training for dealing with conflict and aggression in other relationships.But when does that normal quarreling evolve into something more? Parents may unknowingly play a role in escalatin
47、g some sibling fighting into abuse, John V. Caffaro, a clinical psychologist and co-author of Sibling Abuse Trauma, told the New York Times. If parents allow children to continuously fight and confront each other in aggressive ways without intervening, or if they play favorites and label children as “the smart one“ or the “the quiet one,“ that may lead to more unhealthy competitiveness between siblings that develops into abuse. Caffaro said that since violence between siblings is one of the most common types of familia
