1、考研英语(一)-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It has been justly said that while “we speak with our vocal organs we (1) with our whole bodies. “ All of us communicate with one another (2) , as well as with words. Sometimes we know what were doing, as with the use of gestu
2、res such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that we (3) . But most of the time were not aware that were doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone elses eyes and (4) . These actions we (5) are random and incidental. But researchers (6) that there is a system of them almost as consiste
3、nt and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole (7) of body language, (8) the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we (9) , the extent to which we touch and distance we stand (10) each other.Body language serves a variety of purp
4、oses. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, (11) with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication. Loudness and (12) of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal (13) . Fourthly it conveys our emotions
5、and attitude. This is (14) important for successful cross-cultural communication.Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances (15) with spoken language. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is (16) like the way a male American does it. When we communicate with people fr
6、om other cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and (17) , such as shaking hand is such a (18) gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes the body language can cause certain misunderstanding (19) people of different cul
7、tures often have different forms of behavior for sending the same message or have different (20) towards the same body signals.（分数：10.00）(1).A. address B. reverse C. converse D. confer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. nonverbally B. verbally C. vocally D. univocally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. refuse B. approve C.
8、 suspect D. alert（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. look up B. look down C. look away D. look back（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. resume B. assume C. presume D. consume（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. have discoveredB. have invented C. pointed out D. have revealed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. level B. extent C. group D. range（分数：0.5
9、0）A.B.C.D.(8).A. included B. including C. include D. inclusive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. wear B. put on C. bring D. hold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. to B. between C. within D. from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. as if B. when C. as D. like（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. pitch B. tone C. frequency D. volume（分数：0.50）A.B.C
10、.D.(13).A. signs B. gestures C. movements D. signals（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. specifically B. specially C. particularly D. equally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. also B. along C. besides D. alone（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. nothing B. something C. anything D. none（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. efficient B. affective
11、C. effective D. effectual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. unusual B. unique C. ordinary D. universal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. hence B. since C. thus D. and（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. interpretations B. implicative C. understanding D. implications（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0
12、，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Spains government is now championing a cause called “right to be forgotten“. It has ordered Google to stop indexing information about 90 citizens who filed formal complaints with its Data Protection Agency. All 90 people wanted information deleted from the Web. Among
13、 them was a victim of domestic violence who discovered that her address could easily be found through Google. Another, well into middle age now, thought it was unfair that a few computer key strokes could unearth an account of her arrest in her college days.They might not have received much of a hea
14、ring in the United States, where Google is based and where courts have consistently found that the right to publish the truth about someones past supersedes any right to privacy. But here, as elsewhere in Europe, an idea has taken hold individuals should have a “right to be forgotten“ on the Web.In
15、fact, the phrase “right to be forgotten“ is being used to cover a batch of issues, ranging from those in the Spanish case to the behavior of companies seeking to make money from private information that can be collected on the Web.Spains Data Protection Agency believes that search engines have alter
16、ed the process by which most data ends up forgottenand therefore adjustments need to be made. The deputy director of the agency, Jesfis Rubi, pointed to the official government gazette(公报), which used to publish every weekday, including bankruptcy auctions, official pardons, and who passed the civil
17、 service exams. Usually 220 pages of fine print, it quickly ended up gathering dust on various backroom shelves. The information was still there, but not easily accessible. Then two years ago, the 350-year-old publication went online, making it possible for embarrassing informationno matter how oldt
18、o be obtained easily.The publisher of the government publication, Fernando Prez, said it was meant to foster transparency. Lists of scholarship winners, for instance, make it hard for the government officials to steer all the money to their own children. “But maybe, “ he said, “there is information
19、that has a life cycle and only has value for a certain time. “Many Europeans are broadly uncomfortable with the way personal information is found by search engines and used for commerce. When ads pop up on ones screen, clearly linked to subjects that are of interest to him, one may find it Orwellian
20、. A recent poll conducted by the European Union found that most Europeans agree. Three out of four said they were worried about how Internet companies used their information and wanted the right to delete personal data at any time. Ninety percent wanted the European Union to take action on the right
21、 to be forgotten.Experts say that Google and other search engines see some of these court cases as an assault on a principle of law already establishedthat search engines are essentially not responsible for the information they corral from the Web, and hope the Spanish court agrees. The companies be
22、lieve if there are privacy issues, the complainants should address those who posted the material on the Web. But some experts in Europe believe that search engines should probably be reined in. “They are the ones that are spreading the word. Without them no one would find these things. /（分数：10.00）(1
23、).“The right to be forgotten“ refers to publics right to _.A. wipe out their criminal record from the webB. decide whether some information should be launched onlineC. use virtual names online to conceal their true identityD. have their personal information deleted from the internet（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.
24、(2).The aim of “the right to be forgotten“ is to _.A. prevent privacy infringementB. guarantee freedom of speechC. advocate fair disclosure of informationD. restrain information circulation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Jess Rub mentions official government gazette in order to illustrate that its online publi
25、cation _.A. changes the way the government discloses informationB. fosters public supervision over governmental affairsC. challenges the way government information is storedD. provides more access to previous confidential information（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).People claim the right to be forgotten for the
26、 following reasons except _.A. they fear some humiliation will follow personal information disclosureB. they resent their personal information being exploited by commercial companiesC. they resent the feeling being spied by others when surfing on internetD. they fear some governmental secrets will b
27、e exposed and probed（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. the United States and the European Union goes in the same direction when it comes to privacy rightsB. releasing information online to some degree reduces the possibility of power abuseC. multinational corporation
28、is not subject to the jurisdiction of foreign countriesD. search engines should not be blamed for privacy issues because they are information conveyer rather than provider（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1910, Henry Van Dyke wrote a book called “The Spirit of America, “ which opened with
29、this sentence: “The Spirit of America is best known in Europe by one of its qualities energy. “ This has always been true. Americans have always been known for their manic dynamism. Some condemned this ambition as a scrambling after money. Others saw it in loftier terms. But energy has always been t
30、he countrys saving feature.So Americans should be especially alert to signs that the country is becoming less vital and assiduous. One of those signs comes to us from the labor market. According to figures from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States has a smalle
31、r share of prime age men in the work force than any other G-7 nation.Part of the problem has to do with human capital. More American men lack the emotional and professional skills they would need to contribute. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 35 percent of those without a high
32、 school diploma are out of the labor force, compared with less than 10 percent of those with a college degree. Part of the problem has to do with structural changes in the economy. Sectors like government, health care and high-tech have been growing, generating jobs for college grads. Sectors like m
33、anufacturing, agriculture and energy have been getting more productive, but they have not been generating more jobs. Instead, companies are using machines or foreign workers.The result is this: There are probably more idle men now than at any time since the Great Depression, and this time the proble
34、m is mostly structural, not cyclical. This is a big problem. It cant be addressed through the sort of short-term Keynesian stimulus some on the left are still fantasizing about. It cant be solved by simply reducing the size of government, as some on the right imagine.It will probably require a broad
35、 menu of policies attacking the problem all at once: expanding community colleges and online learning; changing the corporate tax code and labor market rules to stimulate investment; adopting German-style labor market practices like apprenticeship programs, wage subsidies and programs that extend be
36、nefits to the unemployed for six months as they start small businesses.Reinvigorating the missing fifthbringing them back into the labor market and using their capabilitieswill certainly require money. If this were a smart country, wed be having a debate about how to shift money from programs that p
37、rovide comfort and toward programs that spark reinvigoration.But, of course, thats not what is happening. Discretionary spending, which might be used to instigate dynamism, is declining. Health care spending, which mostly provides comfort to those beyond working years, is expanding. Attempts to take
38、 money from health care to open it up for other uses are being crushed. Were locking in the nations wealth into the Medicare program and closing off any possibility that we might do something significant to reinvigorate the missing fifth. Next time you see a politician demagoguing Medicare, ask this
39、 : Should we be using our resources in the manner of a nation in decline or one still committed to stoking the energy of its people and continuing its rise?（分数：10.00）(1).The loss of American dynamism concerned by the author is mainly manifested in the fact that _.A. American young are more indolent
40、than their counterparts in other countriesB. America suffered from a higher rate of unemployment than other countriesC. More American young are out of work than their counterparts in other countriesD. American young are obsessed with the incessant quest for material comforts（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The
41、word assiduous is closest in meaning to _.A. industriousB. scholarlyC. manicD. optimistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It is suggested in paragraph 3 that the dropping out of prime age labor force is partly due to _.A. their lack of ambitionB. overstaffed government organizationsC. the changes in industry ac
42、commodating themD. pessimistic economic outlook（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).To address the unemployment problem mentioned in this passage, the American government should _.A. divert more labor force from manufacturing sectors to high-tech sectorsB. roll out more programs to enhance the competitive edge of t
43、he joblessC. do nothing but wait for the return of business cycleD. provide more unemployment pension to the jobless（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from last two paragraphs that the author doubts about _.A. the effectiveness of medicare programsB. the feasibility of invigorating labor market
44、C. the rationality of capital allocation of governmentD. the possibility of reversing US downward trend（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Belgian blue is an ugly but tasty cow that has 40% more muscle than it should have. It is the product of random mutation followed by selective breedinga
45、s, indeed, are all domesticated creatures. But where an old art has led, a new one may follow. By understanding which genetic changes have been consolidated in the Belgian blue, it may be possible to design and build similar versions of other species using genetic engineering as a short-cut. And tha
46、t is precisely what Terry Bradley, a fish biologist at the University of Rhode Island, is trying to do. Instead of cattle, he is doing it in trout. His is one of two projects that may soon put the first biotech animals on the dinner table. The other project is led by Aqua Bounty.It is one thing to m
47、ake such fish, of course. It is quite another to get them to market. First, it is necessary to receive the approval of the regulators. In America, the relevant regulator is the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA), which Aqua Bounty says it has been petitioning for more than a decade and which publis
48、hed guidelines for approving genetically engineered animals in 2009. Aqua Bounty has now filed its remaining studies for approval, and hopes to hear the result this year. Dr Bradley has not yet applied for approval.The FDA is concerned mainly with the healthfulness of what people put in their mouths
49、, and it seems unlikely that the new procedures will yield something that is unsafe to eat. But what happens if the creatures escape and start breeding in the wild? For that to be a problem, the modified fish would have to be better at surviving and reproducing than those honed by millions of years of natural selection. On the face of it, this seems unlikely, because the characteristics that have been engineered into them are ones designed to make them into better food, rather than lean, mean breeding machines.Bu
