1、考研数学二-向量及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. (1) the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly (
2、2) to live shorter lives. This suggests that (3) bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) (4) in not being too bright.Intelligence, it (5) , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow (6) the starting line because it depends on learning a(n) (7) process instead of instin
3、ct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to (8) .Is there an adaptive value to (9) intelligence? Thats the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance (10) at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it
4、implicitly asks what the real (11) of our own intelligence might be. This is (12) the mind of every animal weve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would (13) on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, (14) , is running a small-scale
5、 study in operant conditioning. We believe that (15) animals ran the labs, they would test us to (16) the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really (17) , not merely how much of it there is. (18) , they would ho
6、pe to study a(n) (19) question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? (20) the results are inconclusive.（分数：10.00）(1).A. Suppose B. Consider C. Observe D. Imagine（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. tended B. feared C. happened D. threatened（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. thinner B. stabler C. lighter D.
7、dimmer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. tendency B. advantage C. inclination D. priority（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. insists on B. sums up C. turns out D. puts forward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. off B. behind C. over D. along（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. incredible B. spontaneous C. inevitable D. gradual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8)
8、.A. fight B. doubt C. stop D. think（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. invisible B. limited C. indefinite D. different（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. upward B. forward C. afterward D. backward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. features B. influences C. results D. costs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. outside B. on C. by D. across（分数：0.
9、50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. deliver B. carry C. perform D. apply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. by chance B. in contrast C. as usual D. for instance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. if B. unless C. as D. lest（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. moderate B. overcome C. determine D. reach（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. at B. for C. after D. wit
10、h（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. Above all B. After all C. However D. Otherwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. fundamental B. comprehensive C. equivalent D. hostile（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. By accident B. In time C. So far D. Better still（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、
11、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Addiction is such a harmful behavior, in fact, that evolution should have long ago weeded it out of the population: if its hard to drive safely under the influence, imagine trying to run from a saber-toothed tiger or catch a squirrel for lunch. And yet, says Dr. Nora Volkow, di
12、rector of NIDA and a pioneer in the use of imaging to understand addiction, “the use of drugs has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Humans in my view will always want to experiment with things to make them feel good. “Thats because drugs of abuse co-opt the very brain functions that
13、 allowed our distant ancestors to survive in a hostile world. Our minds are programmed to pay extra attention to what neurologists call salience-that is, special relevance. Threats, for example, are highly salient, which is why we instinctively try to get away from them. But so are food and sex beca
14、use they help the individual and the species survive. Drugs of abuse capitalize on this ready-made programming. When exposed to drugs, our memory systems, reward circuits, decision-making skills and conditioning kick in-salience in overdrive-to create an all consuming pattern of uncontrollable cravi
15、ng. “Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction,“ says Volkow. “But because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol. “That can go for nonchemical addictions as well. Behaviors, from gambling to shopping to sex, m
16、ay start out as habits but slide into addictions. Sometimes there might be a behavior-specific root of the problem. Volkows research group, for example, has shown that pathologically obese people who are compulsive eaters exhibit hyperactivity in the areas of the brain that process food stimuli-incl
17、uding the mouth, lips and tongue. For them, activating these regions is like opening the floodgates to the pleasure center. Almost anything deeply enjoyable can turn into an addiction, though.Of course, not everyone becomes an addict. Thats because we have other, more analytical regions that can eva
18、luate consequences and override mere pleasure seeking. Brain imaging is showing exactly how that happens. Paulus, for example, looked at drug addicts enrolled in a VA hospitals intensive four-week rehabilitation program. Those who were more likely to relapse in the first year after completing the pr
19、ogram were also less able to complete tasks involving cognitive skills and less able to adjust to new rules quickly. This suggested that those patients might also be less adept at using analytical areas of the brain while performing decision-making tasks. Sure enough, brain scans showed that there w
20、ere reduced levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, where rational thought can override impulsive behavior. Its impossible to say if the drugs might have damaged these abilities in the relapsers-an effect rather than a cause of the chemical abuse-but the fact that the cognitive deficit existe
21、d in only some of the drug users suggests that there was something innate that was unique to them. To his surprise, Paulus found that 80% to 90% of the time, he could accurately predict who would relapse within a year simply by examining the scans.Another area of focus for researchers involves the b
22、rains reward system, powered largely by the neurotransmitter dopamine. Investigators are looking specifically at the family of dopamine receptors that populate nerve cells and bind to the compound. The hope is that if you can reduce the effect Of the brain chemical that carries the pleasurable signa
23、l, you can loosen the drugs hold.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr. Nora Volkow, the use of drugsA is a very harmful behavior that evolution failed to get rid of.B makes it hard for people to drive safely under its influence.C has to do with peoples desire to achieve pleasant feelings.D is understandabl
24、e behavior because it dates back long ago.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, anyone may be addicted to drugs if theyA are born with a predisposition to addiction.B use certain chemicals long and frequently enough.C have sufficient drugs or alcohol to use.D create an all consuming pattern of
25、 uncontrollable craving.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Compulsive eaters are typical example ofA pleasure turning into habits and finally addiction.B obese people with brain hyperactivity.C those who cant control their mouth, lips and tongue.D those who might also be addicted to gambling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).
26、Paulus could accurately predict the relapsers becauseA the part of their brain controlling cognitive skills is less active.B a four-week intensive rehabilitation program is not effective enough.C he has the devices sophisticated enough to scan any brain damage.D something innate to their brains prom
27、pt them to use drugs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the passage that we may cure addiction byA scanning of brain as often as possible.B consciously practicing cognitive skills.C going through intensive rehabilitation programs.D making the neurotransmitter less sensitive.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Te
28、xt 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Michael Porter, who has made his name throughout the business community by advocating his theories of competitive advantages, is now swimming into even more shark-infested waters, arguing that competition can save even Americas troubled health-care system, the largest in the worl
29、d. Mr. Porter argues in “ Redefining Health Care“ that competition, if properly applied, can also fix what ails this sector.That is a bold claim, given the horrible state of Americas health-care system. Just consider a few of its failings: America pays more per capita for health care than most count
30、ries, but it still has some 45m citizens with no health insurance at all. While a few receive outstanding treatment, he shows in heart-wrenching detail that most do not. The system, wastes huge resources on paperwork, ignores preventive care and, above all, has perverse incentives that encourage shi
31、fting costs rather than cutting them outright. He concludes that it is “on a dangerous path, with a toxic combination of high costs, uneven quality, frequent errors and limited access to care. “Many observers would agree with this diagnosis, but many would undoubtedly disagree with this advocacy of
32、more market forces. Doctors have an intuitive distrust of competition, which they often equate with greed, while many public-policy thinkers argue that the only way to fix Americas problem is to quash the private sectors role altogether and instead set up a government monopoly like Britains National
33、 Health Service.Mr. Porter strongly disagrees. He starts by acknowledging that competition, as it has been introduced to Americas health system, has in fact done more harm than good. But he argues that competition has been introduced piecemeal, in incoherent and counter-productive ways that lead to
34、perverse incentives and worse outcomes:“ health-care competition is not focused on delivering value for patients,“ he says.Mr. Porter offers a mix of solutions to fix this mess, and thereby to put the sector on a genuinely competitive footing. First comes the seemingly obvious (but as yet unrealized
35、 ) goal of data transparency. Second is a redirection of competition from the level of health plans, doctors, clinics and hospitals, to competition “at the level of medical conditions, which is all but absent“. The authors argue that the right measure of “value“ for the health of treatment, and what
36、 the cost is for that entire cycle. That rightly emphasizes the role of early detection and preventive care over techno-fixes, pricey pills and the other failings of todays system.If there is a failing in this argument, it is that he sometimes strays toward naive optimism. Mr. Porter argues, for exa
37、mple, that his solutions are so commonsensical that private actors in the health system could forge ahead with them profitably without waiting for the government to fix its policy mistakes. That is a tempting notion, but it falls into a trap that economists call the fallacy of the $ 20 bill on the s
38、treet. If there really were easy money on the pavement, goes the argument, surely previous passers-by would have bent over and picked it up by now.In the same vein, if Mr. Porters prescriptions are so sensible that companies can make money even now in the absence of government policy changes, why in
39、 the world have they not done so already? One reason may be that they can make more money in the current sub- optimal equilibrium than in a perfectly competitive market-which is why government action is probably needed to sweep aside the many obstacles in the way of Mr. Porters powerful vision.（分数：1
40、0.00）(1).What seems to be the biggest problem with Americas health care system?A American spends more money on health care than on other services.B Most Americans couldnt get their health insurance till their old age.C Most American hospitals do not offer outstanding treatment to patients.D The cost
41、s of health care are not steered towards a health direction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “perverse“ (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA harmful. B economic. C strong. D reversed.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Mr. Porters argument seems to be based on the assumption thatA doctors do not have faith in the
42、value of competition.B the present health care competition is not patient oriented.C Britains National Health Service is a successful example.D health competition will do more good than harm in the long run.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following might Mr. Porter propose to solve the problem?A M
43、ore statistics should be publicized.B Improve a given patients health condition.C More advanced techno-fixes should be offered.D Improve the entire cycle of treatment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the last two paragraphs thatA there is no easy money on the pavement for passers by to pick up
44、.B Mr. Porter is very likely to fall in a trap set up by the economists.C competition alone is not enough to cure the health care system.D only government actions can sweep aside the obstacles along the way.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few beyond California s technology crowd recognise t
45、he name Larry Sonsini; none within its circle could fail to. For four decades he has been lawyer, adviser and friend to many prominent companies and investors. Some consider him the most powerful person in Silicon Valley. Companies beg for his law firm to represent them. The 65-year-old chairman of
46、Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and more recently, as outside counsel to Hewlett-Packard (HP), for initially defending the boards dubious investigative practices.WSG Dalong(顺着，沿着)。代入文中应表示离开起点时，故选择 A。(7).A. incredible B. spontaneous C. inevitable D. gradual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：本题各选项的意思分别是：Aincredible(难以置信的)；
47、Bspontaneous(自发的)；Cinevitable(不可避免的)；Dgradual(渐进的)。上文提到“智力需要更高的给养，更多的燃料，并且离开起点(前进的)进程缓慢，因为智力取决于学习。此空白应与 instead of 后面的 instinct(本能)形成对照关系。A 项指学习是难以置信的过程；B 项指学习是自发的过程；C 项指学习是不可避免的过程，这些都不符合上下文逻辑，所以排除。学习不是本能，而是一个循序渐进的过程，所以本题选 D。(8).A. fight B. doubt C. stop D. think（分数：0.50）A.B.C. D.解析：本题各选项的意思分别是：Afig
48、ht(斗争)；Bdoubt(怀疑)；Cstop(停止)；Dthink(思考)，本文的主旨是智力需要必要的代价。而智力取决于学习，所以无止境的学习也必然付出昂贵的代价。许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止学习。与上文的例子“灯泡”呼应。四个选项中，选项 C 正确。(9).A. invisible B. limited C. indefinite D. different（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：本题各选项的意思分别是：Ainvisible(看不见的)；Blimited(有限的)；Cindefinite(不确定的)；Ddifferent(不同的)。本
49、题考查形容词修饰 intelligence，由本段第二句话“Thats the question behind this new research.”可知空白所在的问题正是此项研究的课题，而这个研究就是对动物智力的研究。文章开头第一句话就说到对动物智力的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明，接下来作者用果蝇的例子告诉我们物种越聪明寿命越短，暗示出物种不可能无限的聪明，智力需要有一个适应值 (adaptive value)。第二段又说到智力取决于学习，而大量物种学到的东西之一就是何时停止学习，所以物种的智力应该是有限的，limited 符合文意，故选 B。(10).A. upward B. forward C. afterward D. backward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：本题各选项的意思分别是，Aupward(向上地)；Bforward(向前地)；Cafterward(然后)；Dbackward(向后地)。此空白后面 at 的宾语为“all the species wev
