1、清华大学考博英语-15 及答案解析(总分：85.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.He _ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.（分数：1.00）A.repealedB.resentedC.relayedD.reproached2.He was _ by the noise outside yesterday evening and could not concentrate on his study.（分数：1.00）A.peckedB.oriente
2、dC.perturbedD.paddled3.Her talk at the seminar clearly_from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.（分数：0.50）A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged4.They are always ready to _ heavy responsibilities.（分数：1.00）A.take inB.take onC.put onD.put in5.The crowd _ into the hall and
3、 some had to stand outside. A. outgrew B, overthrew C. overpassed D. overflew （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.Haven“t I told you I don“t want you keeping _ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys.?（分数：0.50）A.companyB.acquaintanceC.friendsD.place7.Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter pe
4、riods of_business.（分数：0.50）A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant8.I was entrusted to_to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.（分数：0.50）A.contributeB.detractC.convertD.entail9.It is apparent that winning the scholarship is_of one“s intelligence in the field of physics.（分数：0.50）A.paralle
5、lismB.alliterationC.testimonyD.rhythm10.Nobody knew how he came up with this _ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：33.00)There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous “peasouper
6、“ fog in December 1952, 4, 700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British Parliament passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal. Fortunately the effect of smog on the
7、 lungs is not so dramatic. Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside a steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentrations there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and
8、evidence of airway inflammation (发炎). Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma (哮喘) and other lung diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagr
9、eement about the concentration at which they occur. Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse lung function than those living in areas with clean air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at q
10、uite low concentrations of ozone. There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis (支气管炎) and emphysema (肺气肿), but this has yet to be proven. Rec
11、ently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rates in North American cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However, we do know that hazy days are associated with more asthma atta
12、cks in children.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT the result of laboratory experiments?（分数：2.00）A.Low concentrationsB.Fall in lung functionC.Irritability of the lungsD.Air way inflammation(2).Irritable and inflamed lungs are also seen in people with _.（分数：2.00）A.asthmaB.lung diseasesC.good
13、 healthD.weak health(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of lung diseases?（分数：2.00）A.The burning of coalB.Long-term exposure to smogC.Exposure to nitrogen dioxideD.Attending school camps(4).The relationship between exposure to _ has not yet been determined.（分数：2.00）A.ozone
14、 and fall in lung functionB.ozone and lung diseases such as asthmaC.nitrogen dioxide and worse lung functionD.smog and chronic bronchitis and emphysema(5).The association between _ has not yet been found in Australia.（分数：2.00）A.ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthmaB.hazy days and more asth
15、ma attacks in childrenC.the levels of particles in the air and death ratesD.high levels of pollution and more symptomsIf you smoke and you still don“t believe that there“s a definite between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No
16、one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn“t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and
17、 smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain, for example, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death. You don“t have to look very far t
18、o find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It“s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educatio
19、nal facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivably, be harmful, it doesn“t do to shout too loudly about it. This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in
20、increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether. of course,
21、 we are not ready for such drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you“d think they“d conduct aggressive antismoking campaigns. Far from it! Tile tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertisi
22、ng is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisements always depict virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated wit
23、h the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense! For a start, governments, could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public pla
24、ces like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning-say, a picture of a death“s head-should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals we are certain
25、ly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.（分数：2.50）(1).The best title of the text may be _（分数：0.50）A.give up the habit of smoking immediatelyB.word governments should conduct serious campaigns against smokingC.go on with anti-smoking lobby vigo
26、rouslyD.world governments should allocate more funds on cancer researches(2).As pointed out in the text, governments are reluctant to exercise total ban on cigarette and tobacco advertising _（分数：0.50）A.in the interests of financial rewardsB.for the sake of the public“s welfareC.without regard to tax
27、 collectionsD.in anticipation of smokers“ lobbying(3).The word “hypocrisy“ (Paragraph 2) denotes _（分数：0.50）A.dishonestyB.predicamentC.indecisionD.intimidation(4).It can be concluded that anti-smoking campaigns should be conducted _（分数：0.50）A.insidiously and discreetlyB.vividly and attractivelyC.aggr
28、essively and drasticallyD.disinterestedly and bravely(5).The author is most critical of _（分数：0.50）A.anti-smoking lobbyistsB.tobacco advertisersC.world governmentsD.tax collectorsIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are no
29、t following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to colleges admissions. The only sure bet, the say, is that this fall“s entering classes-the first since Katrina- will be smaller than usual. In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admi
30、ssions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students-who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions- to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop
31、several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications-about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshman, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and
32、 was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won“t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to
33、 be lower than in the past, Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year“s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshman. In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the
34、 hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class- 1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they w
35、ould eliminate some departments and faculty positions. Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or web-based interactions such as blogs. In a
36、ddition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year“s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It“s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September
37、“to avert the majority of the hurricane season.“ Larkins says, Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service week
38、end program. While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging sins of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, “I want to be a part of the action,“ “ says Stieffi, noting that Loyola“s t
39、ransfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious, “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,“ he says.（分数：8.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that_（分数：2.00）A.many of the students require s
40、maller classes than usual in the institutionsB.most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC.many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make their choices by May 1 this yearD.in ty
41、pical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to their institutions(2).The following statements are all false other than_（分数：2.00）A.Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB.Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitme
42、nt schedule of Dillard UniversityC.Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmanD.Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students(3).In order to attract applicants, L
43、oyola University and Dillard University are_（分数：2.00）A.reducing the tuition respectivelyB.hosting meetingsC.increasing the scholarships respectivelyD.extending the application deadline(4).The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of_（分数：2.00）A.the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB.th
44、e dilemma of the admission officialsC.the usual rules of college admissionsD.the effects of the hurricanesWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for exam
45、ple by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The
46、 beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to
47、 its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child“s acquisition of each new skill-the first spok
48、en words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use
49、 a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more fro
