1、考博英语-623 及答案解析(总分：114.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：28.50)1.The language experts believe that the _ age for learning a foreign language is 6 years old.A. conceptual B. considerateC. optimal D. component（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.The plan would require two, or possibly more, class periods for its
2、 fulfillment.A. execution B. excursion C. expansion D. extinction（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.His plan was _ by the committee.A. rejected B. dejected C. objected D. projected（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.4.The creation of UN was, perhaps, the most _ achievement of the 20th century.A. obscure B. notable C. acute D. objecti
3、ve（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.Id just do as soon as you _ the research yourself.A. do B. will do C. would do D. did（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.6.The man who never tries anything new is a(n)_on the wheels of pro gress.A. obstacle B. brake C. break D. block（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.The department chairman _ with thanks the assi
4、stance of all the faculty members for getting the celebration ready in a short time.A. expresses B. declares C. announces D. acknowledges（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Since the matter was extremely, _ we dealt with it immediately.A. tough B. tense C. urgent D. instant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.9.There have been several
5、attempts to introduce gayer colors and styles in mens clothing, but none of them _.A. has caught on B. has caught him outC. has caught up D. take it known（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the _ of their adolescence.A. crisis B. criterion C. causali
6、ty D. credibility（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.11.The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones both precious and common, and so on.A. a heterogenous B. an overwhelmingC. a unified D. a vast（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.12.Cultural _ indicates that human beings hand their langu
7、ages down from one generation to another.A translation B transition C transmission D transaction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.13.If you call the 911 emergency number, they will _ firemen, policemen, and paramedics immediately.A. assign B. detach C. attach D. dispatch（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.“Our life is _ away by det
8、ail. Simplify, simplify. “ That dictum of Henry David Thoreaus, echoing from the days of steamboats and ox-drawn plows, had long haunted me.A. frittered B. quenched C. reproached D. scouted（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.My boss has always attended to the_of important business himself.A. transaction B. solution
9、 C. translation D. stimulation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.16.If you _ your influence, they may change their decision.A. compel B. exert C. expose D. vary（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.17.Because the _still refused to cooperate, the lawyer washed his hands of the entire case.A. advocate B. agenda C. client D. adolescent（分数：1
10、.00）A.B.C.D.18.Your advice would be_valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end.A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.19.The manager tried to wave aside these issues as _ details that would be settled later.A. alternate B. trivial C. versatile D. prelimin
11、ary（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.20.The book, published _, revived our interest in the author who had just died.A. anonymously B. privately C. recently D. posthumously（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.21.While modulation/demodulation technology was being standardized for the most recent modems, several other peripheral standards
12、 were also being developed.A. auxiliary B. notable C. relevant D. elemental（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.22.By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular_children as Coca-Cola.A. for B. in C. to D. with（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.23.Regional planning deals with proposals concerning outlying communities and highways as well as with
13、urban affairs.A. outlandish B. exclusive C. exempted D. remote（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.24.Being poorly dressed can _ your chance of getting a job.A. ruin B. eliminate C. reduce D. endanger（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.25.In spite of the _ economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.A. gloomy B. miserable
14、 C. shadowy D. obscure（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.26.To what extent will future scientific discoveries make possible the _ of human life span?A. increase B. expansion C. growth D. prolongation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.27.Professor Smith s new invention has created a great _ on the campus.A. sensation B. selection C. im
15、itation D. irrigation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.28.A lantern burned inside, making it _ like the belly of a lightning bug.A. sparkle B. gleam C. flicker D. glow（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.29.Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that _ men and women.A. beseech B. beset C. bewitch D. bestow（分数：1.0
16、0）A.B.C.D.30.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would _ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in step B. in turn C. in practice D. in haste（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：2，分数：14.00)Sound moves from its source to the e
17、ar by wave like fluctuations in air pressure, something like the peaks and troughs or the lowest point of ocean waves. One way to keep from hearing sound is to use ear plugs. Another way is to cancel out the sound with anti-sound.Using a noise maker controlled by a microprocessor, engineers have pro
18、duced sound waves that are half a wavelength out of phase with those of the noise to be quieted-each peak is matched to a trough, and vice versa. Once the researchers have recorded the offending sound, a microprocessor calculates the amplitude and wavelength of sound that will cancel out the highest
19、 and lowest points of the noise. It then produces an electric current that is amplified and fed to a loudspeaker, which produces anti-sound and wipes out the noise. If the anti-sound goes out of synchronization, a microphone picks up the leftover sound and sends it back to the microprocessor, which
20、changes the phase of the anti-sound just enough to cause complete silence.The research team has concentrated on eliminating low-frequency noise from ship engines, which causes fatigue that can impair the efficiency and alertness of the crew, and may mask the warning sounds of alarm and fog signals.（
21、分数：4.00）(1).The passage compares sound to _.A. the rising and falling of water in the oceanB. the crests and valleys of mountain rangesC. a flag waving in the airD. a machine for measuring air pressure（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage discusses a way to deal with an offensive noise by _.A. diverting
22、peoples attention from itB. masking it with a louder noiseC. canceling it out electronicallyD. removing its source（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The microprocessor described in the passage will probably be used for _.A. composing musicB. repairing alarm systemsC. eliminating engine noisesD. intensifying fog w
23、arning sounds（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss _.A. the nature of fogB. a way to improve alarm systemsC. other causes of fatigueD. other uses of the microprocessor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that ove
24、r the past century, the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a degree Celsius. This warming is thought to be at least partly the result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and n
25、ational economies expand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasing by an additional 1.0 to 3.5 by the year 2100.Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing human- kind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems i
26、s essential if we are going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequences of climate change and maximize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural ecosystems are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Clima
27、te change may affect natural ecosystems m a variety of ways. In the short term. climate change can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geo- graphic distribution of major vegetation types sa
28、vannas, forests, and climate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover. changes in these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type
29、. All of the climate change-induced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services, that these ecosystems provide to humans.The global average surface temperature increase of half a degree Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and
30、 minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreases in the diurnal temperature range were first identified in the United States, where large-area trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum tempera
31、tures have increased at a faster rate. In this issue, Al-ward et al. report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperature increases.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?A. The burning of fuels such as coal or oil.B. The
32、clearing of forests.C. The cultivation of farmland,D. The negative consequences of human activities.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The second paragraph is primarily concerned with _.A. the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystemsB. how to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeC
33、. how to maximize the opportunities that climate change may offerD. the complex, nonlinear nature of natural ecosystems（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the temperature in- creases observed over the past century.?A. Increases of daily maximum temperatu
34、res.B. Decreases of daily minimum temperatures.C. Increases of diurnal temperature range.D. Decreases in the diurnal temperature range.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to _.A. discuss the global impacts of temperature increasesB. present a point
35、 of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphC. introduce Alwards report on the different sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperature increasesD. further illustrate the causes of the global average surface temperature increases（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “diurnal“ (Line 3,
36、Para. 3) is closest in meaning to_.A. day-and-nights B. everydayC. two days D. yearly（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Pity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less a
37、lone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. “They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors ar
38、e sick to death of the narrowly defined subject, which has blighted their holidays and mined their evenings.The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster com
39、pletion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. T
40、he ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University, the London School of Economics and the London Business School
41、.Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their these
42、s. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral top
43、ics.The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future
44、its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The m
45、ost it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.（分数：6.00）(1).By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time _.A. most of them
46、 died of some sicknessB. their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC. most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD. most of their grants run out（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(2).Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC,
47、because the completion rate of its PhD students theses within four years is lower than _.A. 25% B. 40% C. 39% D. 10%（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(3).All the following statements are the argument against ESRC s policy exceptA. all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB. there is no hard ev
48、idence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topicsC. many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their thesesD. some polytechni
49、cs are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(4).The ESRC would prefer _.A. that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchersB. to see higher standards of PhD students theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC. more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed
