1、考博英语-557 及答案解析(总分：99.99，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：20.00)There can be no question about the dangers of heroin use. What may start out innocently enough as a desire to experience a new kind of high may progress with extreme rapidity to an almost continuous type of nightmare existence.Th
2、e heroin user may begin by snorting or inhaling the drug, progress to “skin popping“ (injecting it beneath the skin), and end up “mainlining“ it (injecting it directly into the bloodstream). If a hypodermic syringe is not available, the user may sever an artery and pour the heroin in with a spoon. O
3、nce users are “hooked“, their entire lives become centered upon this white powder. They will do anything-lie, steal, cheat, even kill-to get that next fix. After a while, riley do not even experience a high; they simply need the drug to avoid the terrors of withdrawal. The habit demands more and mor
4、e, and still more, of the drug. Even a highly paid corporation executive would find it difficult to support such a habit. Usually, the only way the addict can get enough money is through crime or prostitution. Thus, crime associated with heroin addiction is not a direct effect of the drug, but stems
5、 from the need to support the habit. In fact, heroin is an extremely effective depressant, which markedly reduces such motivational states as hunger and sex.How is it that this innocent-looking white powder can come to dominate the life of the abuser so completely? Within the first minute of heroin
6、injection, there is a sudden, climactic rush of feeling. This extremely pleasurable experience is followed by a “high“ which is characterized by lethargy, emotional detachment, a sense of well-being, and deep feelings of contentment. To illustrate, a heroin abuser may spend hours before a TV set, wa
7、tching the dancing images on the screen without becoming emotionally involved in the program content. But then comes the crushing aftermath. As the high begins to subside, so also does the sense of well-being. The euphoria of a moment ago is replaced by gnawing feelings of apprehension and anxiety.
8、The bizarre cycle culminates in an overwhelming sense of panic as the addict begins a frantic search for tile next fix.The victims of heroin addiction are legion-the addicts themselves, their families, and those they have robbed or otherwise brutalized in their quest for the “big H“. In recent years
9、 another innocent victim of heroin addiction has come to light, the newborn infant of an addicted mother. Studies of infants born to heroin-addicted mothers have found that more than two-thirds start out life as addicts. Within 96 hours of birth, most will show signs of withdrawal, including extreme
10、 irritability, tremors, and vomiting. The incidence of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn depends on how long the mother has been addicted, on the amount of heroin she has taken, and on how close to delivery she was when she took her last dose. Traces of drugs taken as little as ten minutes prior to
11、 delivery have been found in newborns.（分数：5.00）(1).We may infer from the passage that a curious desire to experience a high produced by heroin _.（分数：1.00）A.wont lead to addictionB.will rapidly make the person have a terrible dreamC.may be disastrousD.may immediately endanger the existence of the per
12、son who tries(2).The worst thing of taking drugs is that the habit _.（分数：1.00）A.reduces a persons motivational statesB.drives the addict mad for more drugs so that he cant get rid of itC.results in prostitutionD.makes the user cut the blood vessel(3).Which of the following is NOT experienced by hero
13、in abuser?（分数：1.00）A.A feeling of satisfaction.B.A state of being sleepy or unnaturally tired.C.A state of indifference to the surroundings.D.A feeling of achievement.(4).According to the passage the severity of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn is _.（分数：1.00）A.proportional to the degree of addicti
14、on of the motherB.measured on how much heroin the baby takesC.based on how long the newborn has been addictedD.judged by the last dose its mother takes(5).The word “hooked“ in paragraph 2 most probably means _.（分数：1.00）A.fastened with heroinB.trying a little bit of heroinC.used large amount of heroi
15、nD.become dependent on heroinThink of all the criminals who have killed, all the soldiers who have killed; consider the mass murder of Jews in Nazi Germany. Is there something inside human beings that allows us to take part in this sort of violence, or were these people swept along by the situation?
16、Stanley Milgram, a New York psychologist, designed an experiment to find answers to this question, paying adult males four and a half dollars to act the role of “teacher“ in a complicated experiment. The “teachers“ were to ask questions of a “learner“, a middle-aged man in another room. If the learn
17、er gave an incorrect answer, the teacher was instructed to turn a knob to send an electric current to the learners chair. There were thirty positions on the control knob, with the shocks ranging from 15 to 450 volts, the last position marked “Danger: Severe Shock“. The teachers were told to increase
18、 the severity of the shock with each incorrect response.With the first few shocks, the learner could be heard over the intercom, grunting and moaning. When the dial reached 150, he demanded that the experiment be ended; shortly afterwards, at 180 volts, he began to complain of the pain. At 300 volts
19、, he complained about his heart condition, screamed, and no longer responded to the questions; but the teachers who complanined about their roles in the experiment were told the experiment had to continue. According to the rules, the learners failure to respond was an “error“, so he must be shocked.
20、A group of psychiatrists was asked for predictions. Certainly, they said, most people would not punish the victim beyond 150 volts. Furthermore, they predicted fewer than four percent would persist up to 300 volts; only abnormal individuals-less than one tenth of a percent-would proceed to 450 volts
21、.And, in fact, nearly every “teacher“ did protest-each became concerned that he might injure the learner, and many said they could not continue to follow instructions. At 180 volts, one “teacher“ said, “Hes hollering. He cant stand it; what if anything happens to him? I mean who is going to take res
22、ponsibility if anything happens to that gentleman?“When the experimenter said he would accept responsibility, the teacher meekly responded, “All right.“Some teachers, alarmed by the silence in the next room, called out to the learner to answer so they wouldnt have to continue shocking him. In fact,
23、most of the teachers protested, but the important thing is that they did not disobey their instruction. Sixty-two percent of all the subjects delivered shocks all the way up to 450 volts-the average highest shock was 370 volts.Of course, the learner was not being shocked. Even his screams were tape-
24、recorded. But this experiment and similar variations of it have been repeated several times, and the results are invariably the same: in the presence of authority, in a situation governed by rules. Personality tests given to the subjects who delivered the shocks of 450 volts show that they are not a
25、bnormal or sick in any way. Theyre exactly like the rest of us.（分数：5.00）(1).The main purpose of this passage is to _.（分数：1.00）A.prove that all men are violentB.discuss historical incidences of violenceC.describe the Milgram experimentD.show how shock affects the ability to learn(2).Which of the foll
26、owing statements is true?（分数：1.00）A.At 150 volts, the learner began to complain about the pain.B.At 300 volts, the learner complained about his heart condition.C.At 180 volts, the learner demanded that the experiment be halted.D.The position of 370 volts had been marked “Danger: Severe Shock.“(3).We
27、 can conclude from the passage that _.（分数：1.00）A.most teachers complained after the initial shockB.four percent of the teachers went up to 300 voltsC.the majority of teachers did not deliver shocks above 150 voltsD.thirty-eight percent of all the subjects did not deliver shock all the way up to 450
28、volts.(4).Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?（分数：1.00）A.People feel no compunction about inflicting pain.B.People enjoy inflicting pain on others.C.People are easily influenced by structure.D.People are becoming more violent and aggressiv(5).From the results of the Milgra
29、m experiment, we can infer that _.（分数：1.00）A.violent or sadistic actions may not really be “abnormal“ human behaviorB.adult males are more violent than adult femalesC.psychiatrists are fairly accurate in their predictions about human behaviorD.only the abnormal individuals in the study delivered sho
30、cks all the way up to 450 voltsTo what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control
31、, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed changes sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were re-opened and made active by the unemployment scare of 1971-1972. Rising unemployment a
32、nd increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about
33、 how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In 1972 there were critics who said that the States action in allowing unemployment to rise was a barrier of faith, a breaking of the social contract between society an
34、d the worker. Yet the main contribution by employers to unemployment-such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profit-tended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honor the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to so
35、ciety to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statistics when the unemployed were considered as individuals they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their values as members of society became suspect. Of all t
36、he myths of the Welfare State, stories of the workshy and stealing have been the least well founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the States obligation either t
37、o provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed b
38、y the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and subsidized if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work, so that the workless need work rather than just cash?（分数：5.00）(1).What the author pr
39、oposes to examine is _.（分数：1.00）A.How far it is the unemployed who are to blame if they are not working and how much of it is the States faultB.to what extent the State should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soC.whether work should be obligatory, and if so, whether the State or t
40、ile individual is responsible for enforcing the obligationD.whether being at work is a social duty which the State should ensure everybody carries out(2).The effect of the-1971-1972 unemployment scare was to _.（分数：1.00）A.make the subject of unemployment controversial againB.make people think for the
41、 first time about the problem of the availability of workC.show that there would in the future be too little work to go roundD.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed fluctuate(3).In the 1971-1972 crisis _.（分数：1.00）A.the State and the employers were equally to blameB.the unemployed did not
42、fulfill their social duty to find workC.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedD.the State was guilty of breaking the social contract by letting unemployment increase(4).As individuals, the unemployed were _.（分数：1.00）A.not good or well-motivated workersB.thought
43、to be tile idle and willing to live off the StateC.proved to be persistently workshy and stealingD.not worth providing with jobs or social security(5).The basic disagreement about the nature and the meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not _.（分数：1.00）A.it is a service to pro
44、vide people with workB.the States duty to provide work is as great as the individuals duty to workC.the employed ought to be subsidizedD.the State should recognize that people work for more than just moneyWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailing vessels were replaced by steamboats
45、 in the early 1800s and by diesel power in the 1920s. A distinction is generally made between deepwater and navigable inland water transport. Domestic commerce centers on tile Great Lakes, canals, and navigable rivers.In 1975 water transport accounted for 22.6 percent of total intercity tonnage. Its
46、 relative share of intercity tonnage was 31.3 percent in 1947 and 31.7 percent in 1958. Tonnage declined to 27.9 percent in 1965 but increased by 1970 to 28.4 percent. This short-term increase did not stabilize. Market share dropped by 5.8 percent by 1975. Forecasted market share by 1985 is 18.4 per
47、cent of total intercity tonnage. The water transport share of revenue has been less than 2 percent of intercity freight revenue since 1955.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend in part on whether coastwise and intercostal shipping are included. Approximately 26,000 miles of impro
48、ved inland waterways were operated in 1975. Fewer miles of improved inland waterways exist than of any other transportation mode.The main advantage of water transport is the capacity to move extremely large shipments. Deepwater vessels are restricted in operation, but diesel-towed barges have a fair
49、 degree of flexibility. In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is greater than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the limited degree of flexibility and the low speeds of transport. Unless the source and destination of the movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage at low varia
