1、考博英语-28 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Vocabula(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary but an comprehensive introduction to the art and science of econometrics.（分数：1.00）A.briefB.preciseC.simplifiedD.extensive2.Recent research into aging suggests
2、 that the bodys defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.（分数：1.00）A.insaneB.infectiousC.foreignD.poisonous3.The United States Food and Drug Administration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle“ drugs in recent times.（分数：1.00）A.bellicoseB
3、.exhaustedC.cautiousD.strange4.She was so obstinate that she wouldnt adjust her opinions.（分数：1.00）A.inflexibleB.alertC.wiseD.talented5.Jane and Tom have been able to reconcile their difference and are a happy family again.（分数：1.00）A.settleB.arrangeC.balanceD.pacify6.In the first decades of the twent
4、ieth century, the individual gene could not be seen, but could be worked with fruitfully.（分数：1.00）A.blindlyB.completelyC.productivelyD.carefully7.Psychologists have recently mounted an offensive against what they describe as nastiness toward students by educators.（分数：1.00）A.arbitrarinessB.unpleasant
5、nessC.severityD.aloofness8.Giving the child problems he cant solve will only frustrate him.（分数：1.00）A.baffleB.worryC.alarmD.cultivate9.The environmental balance among ecological communities is exceedingly complex.（分数：1.00）A.almostB.successfullyC.extremelyD.rarely10.General acceptance of 3-D films ma
6、y prove hard to come by as the experience of three decades ago indicated.（分数：1.00）A.obtainB.explainC.understandD.discerm11.Chimpanzees are frequently used as stand-ins for human beings in experiments.（分数：1.00）A.partnersB.role-modelsC.stand-bysD.substitute12.Adverse reviews in the New York press may
7、greatly change the prospects of a new Broadway production.（分数：1.00）A.additionalB.encouragingC.unfavorableD.subversive13.The plainer a bowerbirds plumage, the more brightly it decorates its nest to attract a mate.（分数：1.00）A.more spectacularB.dullerC.flatterD.more melancholy14.The two psychologists ha
8、d to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees spontaneous gestures.（分数：1.00）A.changeB.abortC.shortenD.enhance15.No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to of readership.（分数：1.00）A.thoughB.in spite of thisC.evenD.so far16.Perhaps more than anything el
9、se, it was onerous taxes that led to the Peasants Revolt in England in 1381.（分数：1.00）A.multipleB.unjustC.burdensomeD.infamous17.Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.（分数：1.00）A.conveysB.definesC.indica
10、tesD.explains18.In 1984, President Ronald Reagan proposed that the United States construct a launch laboratory for a new era of space exploration.（分数：1.00）A.probingB.revengeC.invasionD.expansion19.Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks acid rain, ozone depletion, defore
11、station and the greenhouse effect.（分数：1.00）A.recognizedB.provedC.got rid ofD.multiplied20.Differences in positions adopted by oxygen and hydrogen atoms account for variations in the crystalline structure of different forms of ice.（分数：1.00）A.are caused byB.explainC.derive fromD.constitute21.Attitudes
12、 on the two sides in the Revolutionary War precluded the possibility of a peaceful solution.（分数：1.00）A.presagedB.prejudicedC.anticipatedD.prevented22.Cowries shells were once in widespread use as a token of value.（分数：1.00）A.a symbolB.an amountC.a thingD.an investment23.When we were in the mountains,
13、 we often found ourselves entirely enveloped by the fog.（分数：1.00）A.confinedB.surroundedC.darkenedD.blocked24.Many politicians find that they can no longer afford the luxury of a personal chauffeur.（分数：1.00）A.valetB.driverC.secretaryD.servant25.A number of animals in Aesops fables are portrayed as be
14、ing crafty.（分数：1.00）A.vainB.virtuousC.artisticD.cunning26.The mother is told that her child is desperately illthe chances of survival are slim, and the treatment is as dreadful as the disease.（分数：1.00）A.incurableB.fearfulC.impossibleD.troublesome27.One of the most interesting inhabitants of our worl
15、d is the bee, an insect which is indigenous to all parts of the globe except the Polar Regions.（分数：1.00）A.residentsB.petsC.intimatesD.creatures28.In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger man other.（分数：1.00）A.distinguishedB.estrangedC.deferr
16、edD.enlarged29.Both a persons heredity and his environment help to shape his character.（分数：1.00）A.relativeB.educationC.nationalityD.surroundings30.One word describes what makes Singapore work: discipline.（分数：1.00）A.punishmentB.regulationC.unemploymentD.salary二、BPart Reading (总题数：5，分数：30.00)BDirectio
17、ns:/B Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.BPassage One/BEarly that June Pins XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on the extermination of the Jews. “Every word we address to the competent authority on this subject, and all our public utterances,“
18、 he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation, “have to be carefully weighed and measured by us in the interest of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to our intentions, we make their situation worse and harder to bear.“ He did not add that another reason for proceed
19、ing cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as a far greater danger than Nazism.The position of the Holy Sea was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission. The Church, under the Popes guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious i
20、nstitutions, and rescue organizations combined, and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries, convents, and Vatican City itself. The record of the Allies was far more shameful. The British and Americans, despite lofty pronouncements, had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but
21、 gave sanctuary to few persecuted Jews. The Moscow Declaration of that yearsigned by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalinmethodically listed Hitlers victims as Polish, Italian, French, Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian, Soviet, and Cretan. The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of W
22、ar Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress. By the simple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles, and so on, the Final Solution was lost in the Big Threes general classification of Nazi terrorism.Contrasting with their reluctance to face the is
23、sue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes, who defied German occupation by transporting to Sweden almost every one of their 6,500 Jews; of the Finns, allies of Hitler, who saved all but four of their 4,000 Jews; and of the Japanese, another ally, who prov
24、ided refuge in Manchuria for some 5,000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn, Loeb Wesche 1993; Silver 1992).All of these researchers, however, visited the community in its early years of operation. As mentioned previously, recent, non-scholarly re
25、ports are less positive. Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona. This study originally proposed to study Capimnas project, but that community was weary of such research visits and refused a request to carry ou
26、t the study there. Palo Blanco, though completing only its first year of ecotourism developmemt was chosen as an alternate site. Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in Rio Blanco appear, as they did in Capirona quite bright.Ecotourism development efforts differ from
27、 mainstream development efforts in that, aside from start-up loans, much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies. As a result, the two main players many ecotourism endeavorthe hosts and the guestsare driven by differing moti
28、vations. The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity, disposable income, and in some cases, perhaps, good intentions of ecotourists. The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world,“ whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serengeti
29、 or the march of leaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991: 166).In contrast to mass tourism, ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment in the form of travel, and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater goodspecifically, t
30、o fund environmental preservation, rural development, and even cultural survival. However, in order to satisfy everyonetourists, environmentalists, tour operators and the local hostsecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes. Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists
31、 that they are part of the solution when, in fact, the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the enviroment (cf. Somerville 1994). The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation; the flaw is that it is forever limi
32、ted by it.Even a brief foray into development literature, however, shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule, not the exception. As development, ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach, and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory. For example, ecotourism twin devel
33、opment goalsconserving the environment and benefiting local peoplesare increasingly seen, both within and outside of tourism circles, as interdependent. Without economic development, many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990: 1; West and Brechin 1992: 14
34、; Brandon and Wells 1992). Such conservation can be achieved only by providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and amamis within the protected zone (Brandon and Wells 1992: 557). Most research on this issue, however, assumes that the protectiv
35、e regulations have been established by the government or another external ageacy. In Rio Blanco, however, the people themselves are already acting to protect their land.（分数：6.00）(1).According to the author, scholars（分数：1.00）A.see life through rose-colored glasses.B.should never give favorable report
36、s.C.are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysis.D.seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point.(2).Ecotourism relies on（分数：1.00）A.government aid exclusively.B.local people and their donations of time and money.C.initial loans at the beginning
37、, followed by support from tourists.D.government assistance through agencies and local disposable income.(3).The main contradiction raised in this text is that（分数：1.00）A.local people do not need outside tourists.B.tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the places
38、 they visit.C.tourists are egotistical but do not want to be.D.tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to.(4).A study of the studies available on this topic shows that（分数：1.00）A.ecotourism is not like other projects that earn money.B.the twin goals actually coincide with
39、 each other.C.the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well put.D.later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies.(5).The key to conserving the environment is（分数：1.00）A.economic self-reliance.B.income for the local people that is independent of ecotourism.C.amelior
40、ating accessibility.D.all of the above.(6).The expression “explore the natural wonders of the world“ is in quotation marks because（分数：1.00）A.there are no specific natural wonders of the world.B.it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder.“C.it is meant to be amusing in its comparis
41、on of a wildebeest to an ant,D.it is probably a quotation from Ryan and Grasse.BPassage Four/BIt is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcom
42、e racism, increase our wealththis is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to poi
43、nt out that the people who make the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century.Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but
44、 came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political scien
45、ce and economics have succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalised. Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines.Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism
46、 which the social sciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds.The need for decompartmentalising and striking
47、 a new order in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all, Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would My it has fallen under the sway of “unitary thinking“, with little room for debate
48、, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, socia
49、l and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficulty understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions.Can social sciences bounce back and assert themselves in the 21st century? We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyse t
