1、考博英语-274 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper reces
2、sion. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the e
3、ffects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures.What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos“ rather than “might-dos“, and who feel that academia has not bee
4、n sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of the employers possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools: no unanimity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Surely
5、 there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own int
6、ernal ladders. The Institute of Managements 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful mana
7、gers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and, above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparative
8、ly unlettered, who are now lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Chart
9、er Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently ca
10、using concern and which is overdue for attention. No one doubts that we need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves under-valued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future
11、. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and industry. Above all, we have to make sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowe
12、rment is required and we should strive to achieve it.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the writers view in the reading passage?（分数：2.00）A.He believes that there are too many MBAs.B.He believes that the degree is over-valued.C.He believes that standards are inconsistent.D.He believes that the degree has dubious
13、valu(2).According to the passage, employers _ .（分数：2.00）A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not b
14、e necessary because of shrinking management structures(3).According to the passage _ .（分数：2.00）A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training needs to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not
15、need to write letters(4).In the writers opinion _ .（分数：2.00）A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status(5).Which of the information is true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Most managers intervie
16、wed felt that their colleagues needed more training.B.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability.C.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAs.D.Companies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in their own st
17、af四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life s
18、ituations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria gene
19、rally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid
20、electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and pu
21、nishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of al
22、cohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the c
23、onsequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization, conditions Or events occurring at the time of reinforcement te
24、nd to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a ca
25、use of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punish
26、ment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of large
27、r amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner,
28、 animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.（分数：10.00）(1).The authors primary purpose in the passage is to _ .（分数：2.00）A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoh
29、olics to understand what causes their dependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers to formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism(2).To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information
30、to formulate an answer?（分数：2.00）A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of their drinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety atta
31、cks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse?(3).Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoi
32、dance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.(4).Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute(s) to alcoholism?. the need to re
33、duce tensions and anxieties. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking bouts. punishment for alcoholic behavior（分数：2.00）A. onlyB. and onlyC., , and D. and only(5).Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?（分数：2.00）A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky lea
34、ds to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink.D.The troubles
35、experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinkin五、Part B(总题数：1，分数：26.00)Malnutrition during weaning agewhen breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foodsis highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While
36、the etiology (病因学) is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, parti
37、cularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on fami
38、liar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of s
39、prouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children con
40、siderably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice
41、has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safetydocumented since the early 1900shave been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as p
42、orridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer s
43、uggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through
44、 the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminat
45、ed.Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mix
46、ing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for chil
47、dren. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now
48、need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.（分数：26.00）(1).The fermentation of foods is in
49、vestigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Anti-microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Fermented foods are free of contamination.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by c
