1、考博英语-233 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part I Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：8.00)War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earths surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the tr
2、aditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from th
3、e rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the br
4、oad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuad
5、ing that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became “civilized“, but the modernization of the past 80 years has
6、 fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor-control over people as slaves or levies for the victors army,
7、and there was the productive capacity-agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem.War was accepted in the premodernized society
8、 as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be（分数：2.00）A.a valid tool
9、 of national policyB.an immoral act of aggressionC.economically wasteful and socially unfeasibleD.restricted in scope to military participants(2).The author most likely places the word “civilized“ in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to _.（分数：2.00）A.show dissatisfaction at not having found a
10、 better wordB.acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another sourceC.express irony that war should be a part of civilizationD.raise a question about the value of war in modernized society(3).The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society
11、 EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.possibility of material gainB.total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territoryC.potential for increasing the security of the nationD.desire to capture productive farming lands(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as _.（分数：2.00）A.outraged and indig
12、nantB.scientific and detachedC.humorous and wryD.concerned and optimistic三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：8.00)The poetry of Gwendolyn Brooks has been praised for deepening the significance of personal and social experiences so that these experiences become universal in their implication. She has also been prai
13、sed for her “sense of form, which is basic and remarkable“. Many of her poems are concerned with a Black community named Bronzeville, on the south side of Chicago. Her literary skill makes Bronzeville more than just a place on a map. This community, like all important literary places (Robinsons Tilb
14、ury Town and Masters Spoon River, for example), becomes a testing ground of personality, a place where the raw material of experience is shaped by imagination and where the joys and trials of being human are both sung and judged. The qualities for which Brookss poetry is noted are (as one critic has
15、 pointed out) “boldness, invention, a daring to experiment, and a naturalness that does not scorn literature but absorbs it“.Her love for poetry began early. At the age of seven, she “began to put rhymes together“ , and when she was thirteen, one of her poems was published in a childrens magazine. D
16、uring her teens she contributed more than seventy-five poems to a Chicago newspaper. In 1941 she began to attend a class in writing poetry at the South Side Community Art Center, and several years later, her poems began to appear in Poetry and other magazines. Her first collection of poems. A Street
17、 in Bronzeville was published in 1945. Four years later, Annie Allen, her second collection of poems, appeared. In 1950, Annie Allen was awarded a Pulitzer prize for poetry. A novel, Maud Martha, about a young Black girl growing up in Chicago, published in 1953, was praised for its warmth and insigh
18、ts. In 1963, her Selected Poems appeared.（分数：8.00）(1).The main subject of the passage is Gwendolyn Brookss _.（分数：2.00）A.personal backgroundB.literary achievementsC.hometownD.childhood(2).According to the passage, Brooks often wrote about a community called _.（分数：2.00）A.South SideB.Tilbury TownC.Spoo
19、n RiverD.Bronzeville(3).Why does the author mention Tilbury Town and Spoon River?（分数：2.00）A.To give credit to two great writers,B.To provide examples of important literary places.C.To suggest similarities between Brookss style and that to other authors.D.To encourage the reader to read Robinson and
20、Masters.(4).The author uses quotations in the first paragraph primarily to _.（分数：2.00）A.help describe Brookss poetryB.introduce biographical information about BrooksC.present opposing points of view about Brookss workD.state little known facts about Brookss novel四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Prices dete
21、rmine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those
22、of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system“ of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems
23、to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price“, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or servi
24、ce as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the mone
25、y amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, de
26、livery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package“ being exchanged for the. asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.（分数：8.00）(1).What is the best title fo
27、r the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Inherent Weaknesses of the Price SystemB.The Complexities of the Price SystemC.Credit Terms in TransactionsD.Resource Allocation and the Public Sector(2).According to the passage, the price system is related primarily to _.（分数：2.00）A.labor and educationB.transportation a
28、nd insuranceC.utilities and repairsD.products and services(3).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor in the complete understanding of price?（分数：2.00）A.Instructions that come with a product.B.The quantity of a product.C.The quality of a product.D.Warranties that cover a prod
29、uct.(4).The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses _.（分数：2.00）A.unusual ways to advertise productsB.types of payment plans for serviceC.theories about how products affect different levels of societyD.how certain elements of a price “package“ influence its market value五、Passage 4(总题数：1
30、，分数：8.00)In width of scope, Yeats far exceeds any of his contemporaries. He is the only poet since the 18th century who has been a public man in his own country and the only poet since Milton who has been a public man at a time when his country was involved in a struggle for political liberty. This
31、may not seem an important matter, but it is a question whether the kind of life lived by poets for the last two hundred years or so has not been one great reason for the drift of poetry away from the life of the community as a whole, and the loss of touch with tradition. Once the life of contemplati
32、on has been divorced from the life of action, or from real knowledge of men of action, something is lost which it is difficult to define, but which leaves poetry enfeebled and incomplete. Yeats responded with all his heart as a young man to the reality and the romance of Irelands struggle but he liv
33、ed to be completely disillusioned about the value of the Irish rebellion. He saw his dreams of liberty blotted out in horror by“ the innumerable clanging wings that have put out the moon“. It brought him to the final conclusion of the futility of all discipline that is not of the whole being, and of
34、 “how base at moments of excitement are minds without culture“. But he remained a man to whom the life of action always meant something very real.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this paragraph is _.（分数：2.00）A.The Basis of True PoetryB.The Necessity of CultureC.Actio
35、n Versus ContemplationD.Yeats as a Poet and Patriot(2).Yeats was primarily a _.（分数：2.00）A.soldierB.man of actionC.dreamerD.rigid disciplinarian(3).The writer implies that _.（分数：2.00）A.Yeats had a limited political viewpointB.Yeats was convinced of the value of the Irish RebellionC.modern poets must
36、be men of inactionD.as compared with older poetry, present-day poetry is ineffectual(4).According to the writer of the paragraph, great poetry is most often produced by poets who _.（分数：2.00）A.are involved in the problems of life around themB.spend their time in contemplationC.drift away from the com
37、munityD.break away from tradition六、Passage 5(总题数：1，分数：8.00)An orator, whose purpose is to persuade men, must speak the things they wish to hear, an orator, whose purpose is to move men, must also avoid disturbing the emotional effect by any obtrusion of intellectual antagonism, but an author, whose
38、purpose is to instruct men, who appeals to the intellect, must be careless of their opinions and think only of truth. It will often be a question when a man is or is not wise in advancing an unpalatable opinion, or in preaching heresies. But it can never be a question that a man should be silent if
39、unprepared to speak the truth as be conceives it. Deference to popular opinion is one great source of bad writing and is all the more disastrous because the deference is paid to some purely hypothetical requirement. When a man fails to see the truth of certain generally accepted views, there is no l
40、aw compelling him to provoke animosity by announcing his dissent. He may be excused if he shrink from the lurid glory of martyrdom. He may be justified in not placing himself in a position of singularity. He may even be commended for not helping to perplex mankind with doubts which he feels to be fo
41、unded on limited and possibly erroneous investigation. But if allegiance to truth lays no stern command upon him to speak out his immature dissent, it does lay a stern command not to speak out hypocritical assent. There are many justifications of silence, there can be none of insincerity.（分数：8.00）(1
42、).A man who dissents with generally accepted views _.（分数：2.00）A.should announce his dissentB.should be willing to be persecuted by othersC.should assent to the accepted view to achieve harmonyD.must be sincere(2).To persuade people, it is wise to _.（分数：2.00）A.show them their errorsB.avoid disturbing
43、 their peace of mindC.tell them what they want to hearD.voice heresies(3).A good teacher _.（分数：2.00）A.disregards the reaction of his audienceB.appeals to emotionsC.tells his listeners what they already thinkD.is heretical(4).Among the justifications for silence, the author does not include _.（分数：2.0
44、0）A.dishonestyB.humilityC.modestyD.fear七、Part English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Desertification in the arid United Statse is flagrant. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping precipitously. Whole river systems have dried up. Others are chocked with sediment washed from denuded la
45、nd. 21. Hundreds of thousands of acres of previously irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroding at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing. All told, about 225 million acres of land are undergoing severe de
46、sertification.22. Federal subsidies encourage the exploitation of arid land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers, industry, and municipalities to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity programs encourage arid-land farmers to
47、 plow up natural grassland to plant crops such as wheat and, especially cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage overgrazing of the commons. The market, too, provides powerful incentives to exploit arid land resources beyond their carrying capacity. 23. When c
48、ommodity prices are high relative to the farmers or ranchers operating costs, the return on a production-enhancing investment is invaribly greater than the return on a conservation investment. And when commodity prices are relatively low, arid land ranchers and farmers often have to use all their av
49、ailable financial resources to stay solvent.24. If the United States is, as it appears, well on its way toward overdrawing the arid land resources, then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay far more later, when productive benefits from arid land resources have been both realized and largely terminated.（分数：20.00）_
