1、考博英语-229 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数：5，分数：100.00)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that wo
2、rld industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. 1 The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty gears or so at the present rate of use. 2 New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not
3、 likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is
4、 as yet no sign that any slowing of the world“s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. 3 The food supply wil
5、l not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become s
6、teadily tighter over the next thirty years-even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.
7、4 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting natio
8、n and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home. In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives. 5 Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its popul
9、ation to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food“.（分数：20.00）_6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to
10、 recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan
11、. The irony of the historian“s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quar
12、rels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to
13、 be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
14、Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especia
15、lly those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical impleme
16、ntation. 10 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.（分数：20.00）_Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of
17、their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 11 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 12 Furthermore, it is obvious that th
18、e strength of a country“s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to s
19、tep up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers. They may alter the structure of education; of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international
20、 projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 13 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and
21、 are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For exampl
22、e, 14 in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of
23、building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 15 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy
24、 nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.（分数：20.00）_In less than 30 year“s time the Star Trek holodeck will be a rea
25、lity. Direct links between the brain“s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 16 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with“ pollution monitors that will disable them w
26、hen they offend. 17 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. According to BT“s futurologist, Ian Pearson, t
27、hese are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 18 Pearson has pieced together to work it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the hist
28、orian“s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians t
29、hemselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discip
30、line governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term t
31、hat remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by
32、 their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 10 It applies
33、equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。_正确答案：()解析：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因
34、为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。_正确答案：()解析：在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。_正确答案：()解析：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。_正确答案：()解析：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派，前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，而后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of
35、their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 11 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 12 Furthermore, it is obvious that th
36、e strength of a country“s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to s
37、tep up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers. They may alter the structure of education; of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international
38、 projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 13 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and
39、 are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For exampl
40、e, 14 in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of
41、building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 15 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy
42、 nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.（分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。_正确答案：()解析：再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又依赖于各种科技人员的努力。_正确答案：()解析：大众通信的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。_正确答案：()解析：在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。_
