1、考博英语-198 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread
2、 of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crabso named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab“s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations pr
3、oducing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or bla
4、ck bile, one of the body“s four “humors,“ brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C. concluded: “There is no treatmen
5、t.“ The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies“ (what we now call strokes
6、 and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption“ (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mindas it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “th
7、e modern disease par excellence,“ and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.“ At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,“ belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia“ and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brou
8、ght about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancernotably of the breast and the ovariesto psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan“s wildly popular eighteenth-c
9、entury text “Domestic Medicine“ judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.“ In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,“ and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was con
10、sidered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,“ Sontag wrote, “to aestheticism“ cancer.（分数：20.00）(1).According
11、to the passage, the ancient Egyptians _.（分数：4.00）A.called cancer the crabB.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC.found out the cause of cancerD.knew about a lot of malignant tumors(2).Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passag
12、e?（分数：4.00）A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB.In the past, people did not fear cancerC.Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD.Some physicians believed that one“s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer(3).Which of the following is the reason for ca
13、ncer to be called “the modern disease“?（分数：4.00）A.Modern cancer care is very effectiveB.There is a lot more cancer nowC.People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD.There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world(4).“Neurasthenia“ and diabetes are mentioned because _.（分数：4.00）A.
14、they are as fatal as cancerB.they were considered to be “disease of civilization“C.people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life(5).As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?（分数：4.00）A.The care and manag
15、ement of cancer have development over timeB.The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC.Cancer“s identity has never changedD.Cancer is the price paid for modern life三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Visanto Melina, R.D., got the surprise of her career last year, when Seattle-based vegeta
16、rian nutritionist was asked to give a seminar on vegetarianism at a senior citizen center. “I thought there“d be four or five people.“ she says. Instead, the room was packed with seniors who had paid a $5 fee to hear her advice. And their interest in better health wasn“t only keen; it was informed.
17、“They“ve obviously been paying attention to new research,“ she says. If Melina studied demographic trends for a living, she probably wouldn“t have been so surprised. Trend watchers have verified an intriguing new phenomenon. Older people are turning to a vegetarian diet in ever-increasing numbers. N
18、ot surprisingly, demographics are driving the drift. By the year 2005, people born between 1949 and 1963 the Baby Boom Generation, will make up 38 percent of the American population. Furthermore, statistics suggest this educated, health-conscious, rebellious and relatively affluent contingent fits t
19、he traditional vegetarian profile. Add to the fact that older people seek natural, pleasant ways to combat problems associated with agingweight gain, higher cholesterol and blood pressure, increased cancer risk and impaired digestionand you have real motivation to go meatless, says Suzanne Havala, R
20、. D., author of the American Dietetic Association“s position paper on vegetarianism. Quantifying this new trend isn“t easy, but a 1994 study by Health Focus Inc., an independent research organization based in Des Moines, Iowa, found that shoppers over age 50 are cutting down on their consumption of
21、red meat or eliminating it from their diets entirely. More compelling evidence for the senior surge toward vegetarianism comes from vegetarian groups nationwide, which report a swell in the ranks of older vegetarians. For example, one out of five members of the new Syracuse (N.Y.) Area Vegetarian Ed
22、ucation Society is over 50; unusually high for a fledgling organization. And two-thirds of the 850-member Vegetarian Society of Honolulu are also members of the American Association of Retired Persons, society executives say. An informal poll of older people suggests better health is often the main
23、incentive and objective for turning veg. Three years ago Nancy Roberts, a 53-year-old Magazine editor, found herself doing what many people do over the holidays: overindulging in rich treats. However, this time it made her in. “The crash felt like the flu,“ she says. By chance, Roberts was asked to
24、edit some vegetarian recipes during that same period. She made a few at home, and her “flu“ disappeared. More dramatically, Ruth Heidrich believes vegetarianism saved her life. The 61-year-old marathoner and triathlete was diagnosed with breast cancer 14 years ago, at age 47. When an initial biopsy
25、indicated far more cancer than her doctors had thought, she was ready to take desperate measures. On the day of the diagnosis, she spotted a newspaper ad looking for volunteers to enroll in a study of breast cancer and diet, conducted by John McDougall, M. D., a leading advocate of the use of diet t
26、o fight disease. After meeting McDougall and reviewing what she says was an eight-inch thick file of statistics linking a high-fat diet with breast cancer, Heidrich converted from a traditional American diet to an extremely low-fat regimen with no animal products. “I didn“t even have skim milk on my
27、 cereal,“ she says. After a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery, she is cancer-free. She never had to undergo radiation treatment or chemotherapy and believes her strict vegetarian diet helped speed her recovery from surgery.（分数：20.00）(1).What does Visanto Melina mean when she says the elderly cit
28、izens who attended her seminar were “informed“ on the subject of better health?（分数：4.00）A.They had a clear understanding of the subjectB.They wanted more information on the subjectC.They were informed of the latest research on the subjectD.They were extremely knowledgeable about the latest developme
29、nts on the subject(2).What does the author mean by saying “.demographics are driving the drift“?（分数：4.00）A.The huge Baby Boom Generation have decided to become vegetariansB.The growing trend toward vegetarianism is due to an increase in the number of older peopleC.Senior citizens believe that going
30、meatless is a natural and pleasant way to combat problems of agingD.More and more people of all ages are going on a vegetarian diet to stay healthy(3).Why did Nancy Roberts fall ill?（分数：4.00）A.Because she caught the fluB.Because she overexerted herself during the holidaysC.Because she was on a high-
31、fat dietD.Because she ate too much rich food(4).How did Nancy Roberts recover from her illness?（分数：4.00）A.By going on an extremely low-fat regimenB.By eating some vegetarian dishes at homeC.By not even having skim milk with her cerealD.By following a strict vegetarian diet(5).Why is the passage titl
32、ed “Going Green After Gray“?（分数：4.00）A.People who have gray hair like to eat vegetablesB.A vegetarian diet is good for elderly peopleC.Older people tend to become vegetariansD.Seniors like to attend seminars on vegetarianism四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)At all ages and at all stages of life, fear prese
33、nts a problem to almost everyone. “We are largely the playthings of our fears,“ wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. “To one, fear of the dark; to another, of physical pain; to a third, of public ridicule; to a fourth, of poverty; to a fifth, of lonelinessfor all of us our particu
34、lar creature waits in a hidden place.“ Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and responses quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline (肾上腺素) are poured into your b
35、loodstream. Confronted with a fire or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight. Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that it becomes a problem. Some people
36、are simply more vulnerable to fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cr
37、y out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be mote sensitive. Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, f
38、or example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a temporary obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problem. Phil“s dad, however, spent most of his time trying to protect
39、himself and his family. Afraid to risk the insecurity of a job change, he remained unhappy in one position. He avoided long vacations because “the car might break down“. Growing up in such a home, Phil naturally learned to become fearful and tense.（分数：20.00）(1).In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “
40、our particular creature“ refers to _.（分数：4.00）A.fear of somethingB.a fierce beastC.physical painD.public ridicule(2).Fear can be a useful emotion to us because it can _.（分数：4.00）A.stimulate many physical changes within our bodyB.quicken our heartbeat and responsesC.pour large quantities of adrenalin
41、e into our bloodstreamD.help us respond quickly to danger and protect ourselves(3).Fear becomes a problem only when _.（分数：4.00）A.the danger is thought greater than it really isB.the danger is more psychological than physicalC.one cannot stand the dangerD.one is not well prepared for it(4).Different
42、responses of newborn infants to a loudly slammed door imply that _.（分数：4.00）A.some people are inherently more easily affected by dangerB.people“s response to stimuli is not an inherited featureC.some people seem to be very sensitive to noiseD.people sometimes seem to turn a deaf ear to noise(5).Psyc
43、hologists have found that our later fears are determined largely by our _.（分数：4.00）A.home educationB.school educationC.parents“ lifestyleD.early experiences五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. It is difficult to explain the reason for this
44、. Unfortunately, however, superb raw ingredients are often mined from the kitchen so that they come to the table without any of the natural flavor and goodness. This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant. If they do go to one, they are usually full of prejud
45、ice against the food. It is a pity, because there are excellent cooks in England, excellent restaurants, and excellent home-cooking. How, then, has the bad reputation been built up? Perhaps one reason is that Britain“s Industrial Revolution occurred very early, in the middle of the nineteenth centur
46、y. As a result; the quality of food changed too. This was because Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the towns increased enormously between 1840 and 1870, and people could no longer grow their own food, or buy it flesh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to
47、be taken to the towns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way. This lack of freshness was disguised by “dressing up“ the food. The rich middle classes ate 16g elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. French became, and has remained, the official language of the dining room.
48、 Out-of-season delicacies were served in spite of their expense, for there were a large number of extremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The “look“ of the food was more important than its taste. In the 1930s, the supply of servant began to decrease. People still tried
49、to produce complicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second World War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As a result, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meat from a well-stocked butcher“s shop, but were content and grateful to accept anything that was offered to them. Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only after this had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel abroad a
